APUSH Chapter 38 Toney

John. F. Kennedy

Charismatic president whose brief administration experienced domestic stalemate and foreign confrontations with communism

Robert S. McNamara

Cabinet officer who promoted "flexible response" but came to doubt the wisdom of the Vietnam War he had presided over

Nikita Khrushchev

Aggressive Soviet leader whose failed gamble of putting missiles in Cuba cost him his job

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Non-violent black leader whose advocacy of peaceful change came under attack from militants after 1965

Lyndon B. Johnson

Brilliant legislative operator whose domestic achievements in social welfare and civil rights fell under the shadow of his Vietnam disaster

Barry M. Goldwater

Conservative Republican whose crushing defeat opened the way for the liberal Great Society programs

James Meredith

First black student admitted to the University of Mississippi, shot during a civil rights march in 1966

Malcolm X

Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s

Mario Savio

Early student activist and leader of the Free Speech Movement at the University of California (at Berkeley)

Eugene J. McCarthy

Minnesota senator whose anti-war "Children's Crusade" helped force Johnson to alter his Vietnam policies

Robert F. Kennedy

New York senator whose anti-war campaign for the presidency was ended by an assassin's bullet in June 1968

Richard M. Nixon

Former vice president who staged a remarkable political comeback to win presidential election in 1968

George C. Wallace

Third party candidate whose conservative, hawkish 1968 campaign won 9 million votes and carried 5 states

Hubert Humphrey

Vice president whose loyalty to LBJ's Vietnam policies sent him down to defeat in the 1968 presidential election

Alfred Kinsey

Controversial Indiana University "sexologist" who documented Americans' changing sexual behavior

Allen Ginsburg

"Beat" poet of the 1950s whose hostility to materialism and "establishment" values helped lay groundwork for 1960s "counterculture"

CAUSE AND EFFECT:

Kennedy's unhappiness with the corrupt Diem regime

led to a US encouraged coup and greater political instability in South Vietnam

CAUSE AND EFFECT:

Khrushchev's placement of missiles in Cuba

Led to a humiliating defeat when Kennedy forced the Soviet Union to back down

CAUSE AND EFFECT:

Johnson's landslide victory over Goldwater in 1964

brought along huge Democratic congressional majorities that passed a fistful of Great Society laws

CAUSE AND EFFECT:

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

became the questional legal basis for all of Johnson's further escalation of all the Vietnam War

CAUSE AND EFFECT:

Martin Luther King Jr's civil rights marches

Helped push through historic civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965

CAUSE AND EFFECT:

Angry discontent in northern black ghettos

sparked urban riots and the growth of the militant "Black Power" movement

CAUSE AND EFFECT:

American escalation of the Vietnam War

brought ever-rising American casualties and a strengthened will to resist on the part of the Communist Vietnamese

CAUSE AND EFFECT:

The Communist Vietnamese Tet Offensive in 1968

led to an American military request for 200,000 more troops as well as growing public discontent with the Vietnam War

CAUSE AND EFFECT:

Senator Eugene McCarthy's strong antiwar campaign

pushed Johnson into withdrawing as a presidential candidate in 1968

CAUSE AND EFFECT:

The deep Democratic party divisions over Vietnam

helped Nixon win a minority victory over his divided opposition