Motivation, Incentives and Addictions

Describe drive reduction theory:

motivation is a result of a homeostatic push such as thirst or hunger

Give the 5 steps of the drive reduction theory loop:

1) biological need

2) drive (internal arousal)

3) Goal directed behaviour

4) satisfaction

5) stage of equilibrium

Describe the incentive theory:

behaviour being motivated on the pull of objects of motivation which have reward

Give an example of a primary reinforcer:

pleasant taste

Give an example of a secondary reinforcer:

money

True or false: incentive theory has an emotional component when drive reduction does not

true

What is taste alliesthesia?

changed taste sensation over time

What is the name given to the phenomenon where taste of a food changes over time?

taste alliesthesia

What is the role of taste alliesthesia?

to stop consumption

Give a study that showed taste alliesthesia in action:

Cabanac and Frankham observed how taste scores changed as candidates chewed fudge over time

What is satiety?

feeling of fullness

What term describes the following phenomenon: some foods are more resistant to alliesthesia- usually sweet foods, explaining why dessert can be eaten after a big meal?

sensory specific satiety

What does salience mean in relation to food?

alluring and noticeable

Describe the cinema experiment on salience:

candidates in a cinema had sweets placed next to them. Some candidates had their sweets lit and others not. The study found that candidates that could see their sweets ate more

Describe Painter's office study on salience:

the number of sweets eaten in an office was greatest when they were placed on an individual desk, lower when position out of sight in a draw and even lower when positioned on someone else's desk

What is the difference between liking and wanting?

liking is related to immediate pleasure (hedonism) and wanting is related to anticipation

What does hedonic mean?

pleasure seeking

What is craving?

strong desire to engage in a behaviour or consume a substance

Give 3 triggers of food craving:

1) thought of smell/ taste

2) hunger

3) negative mood states

Give Rogers and Smits explanation of food craving:

people resist and avoid palatable food and this very restriction makes the desire for eating more intense

What is intrinsic motivation?

doing an activity for its inherent reward

Give 3 examples of rewards associated with intrinsic motivation:

1) purpose

2) growth

3) passion

Give 3 examples of rewards associated with extrinsic motivation:

1) perks

2) winning

3) benefits

Give the 5 levels of Maslow's hieracy of needs from most to least important:

1) physiological needs

2) safety and security needs

3) belongingness and love needs

4) esteem needs

5) self actualisation and achieving full potential

What is affiliative motivation driven by?

the desire to be liked

What is achievement motivation driven by?

results and advancements

What is authority motivation driven by?

work ethic and leadership

Give the definition of sensation seeking:

the need for varied, novel, complex and intense sensations and experiences and the willingness to take physical, social, legal and financial risks for the sake of such experiences

What scale measures the extent to which an individual is a sensation seeker?

the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale

What characterises gambling disorder?

impaired control over gambling with it taking precedence over other life interests. Those with the disorder continue gambling despite the negative consequences