Cell Bio old Exams (Exam iii)

Christian de Duve received the Nobel Prize for discovering lysosomes. Which type of technique did he use in his initial discovery?

A. Super resolution microscopy

B. Spinning disk confocal microscopy
C. Transmission electron microscopy
D. Centrifugation experiments

E. mRNA seq coupled to PCR

D. Centrifugation experiments

Which of the following is not a function of the ECM?
A. Cell adhesion
B. Serving as a barrier or filter
C. Serving as a charged surface to which water and biologically active molecules can bind
D. Important in select medical treatments
E. None of the above

E. None of the above

The ATBC and CARET studies were described in class as a means to determine if carotene and either Vitamin E or Vitamin Al could be used to decrease the number of which of the following cases in two patient cohorts?
A. Dementia cases
B. Diabetes cases

C. Psoriasis cases

D. Vision loss cases

E. None of the above

E. None of the above

The intrinsic mitochondrial triggered apoptotic cascade involves a number of steps. Which of the following below is the first that occurs in this cascade?

A. Activation of Caspase 9.

B. Opening of the MPTP

C. Activation of Caspase 3

D. Release of Cytochrome C

E. Activation of APAFI

B. Opening of the MPTP

SynVisc-1 is used to treat joint problems such as those of the knee and is derived from chicken combs. Its active ingredient is

A. Hyaluronic acid

B. Type I collagen

C. Type IV collagen

D. Syndecan 1

E. Laminin

A. Hyaluronic acid

The molecular basis of myasthenia gravis took: decades to elucidate. In one set of experiments curare was used in patients to determine the effects of this drug on myasthenia gravis symptoms. What does curse do?

A. It blocks the function of dopamine repos antagonist

B. It extends the life of acetylcholinesterase

C. It blocks the function of post synaptic acetylcholine receptors

D. It prolongs the duration of the presynaptic action potential

E. It stimulates the mitochondria to generate more ATP

E. It stimulates the mitochondria to generate more ATP

Cyanobacteria are commonly used for the stody of photosynbesis and for this reason is often regarded as a model organism. Which of the following is not true or not an advantage of Cyanobacteria?

A. They are prokaryotes and thus are simpler in genetic structure

B. They can be grown in a simple cell culture medium

C. Several strains have been sequenced

D. Select transgenic Cyanobacteria have been shown to have a photosynthetic efficiency of 22.4% while typical land plants have efficiencies of 0.2% to 1.0%

E. None of the above

D. Select transgenic Cyanobacteria have been shown to have a photosynthetic efficiency of 22.4% while typical land plants have efficiencies of 0.2% to 1.0%

Human embyonic stem celts historically required an unusual substrate to grow in culture. What is this substrate?

A. Type 1 collagen

B. Type IV collagen gel

C. A mat of irradiated mouse fibroblasts

D. Laminin

E. Perlecan

C. A mat of irradiated mouse fibroblasts

The sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) is located primarily in the

a. Outer plasma membrane

b. Outer mitochondrial membrane

c. Inner mitochondrial membrane

d. The cytoplasm (soluble)

e. In the mitochondrial matrix

a. Outer plasma membrane

Carbon fixation generates which of the following 3 carbon sugars as a consequence of the cycle?

a. Fructose

b. Sucrose

c. Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate

d. Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

e. UDP-glucose

c. Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate

You are investing Rhodamine 123 retention in HeLa cells when they are exposed to a variety of agents. Which of the following would most likely increase the fluorescent intensity of this vital dye?

a. Oligomycin b. Chloramphenicol

c. Cycloheximide

d. Lysyl oxidase inhibitor

e. None of the above would result in this effect

An experimental series was described in both your text and in class that focused on generating mutants of Chlamydomonas to investigate photoinhibition. What was the

conclusion of these experiments?

a. Photoinhibition is more sensitive to red light than blue light

b. Photoinhibition doesn't occur in C4 plants

c. Photoinhibition requires that the activity of RUBISCO halts.

d. Photoinhibition recovery is improved in the presence of HSP70B (HSP70)

e. Photoinhibition doesn't occur in Chalmydomonas

d. Photoinhibition recovery is improved in the presence of HSP70B (HSP70)

Robert Hill and Cornelius Van Niel did some classic photosynthesis experiments in the 1930s. What type of organism did they use to propose a new formula for the photosynthesis chemical reaction?

a. Cyanobacteria

b. Purple suphur bacteria

c. Chalmydomonas

d. C4 plants procured from the dessert

e. A variegated (mutant form) geranium

b. Purple suphur bacteria

Christian de Duve is known for his work described below.

a. Discovery of D1 in photosynthesis

b. Developing Chlamydomonas mutants to study photoinhibition

c. Discovery of the MPTP

d. Developing new chemotherapeutic agents that target Bcl-2

e. None of the above

E. None of the above

Genzyme's SynVisc is a relatively new agent used for injection to treat osteoarthritis in joints. Which of the following best matches this agent?

a. Glycosaminoglycans

b. Laminin

c. Fibronectin

d. Collagen

e. Perlecan

a. Glycosaminoglycans

Pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

a. Is generated as a consequence of glycolysis

b. Can be converted to acetyl CoA

c. Can be converted to ethanol

d. Can be converted to lactic acid

e. All of the above

E. None of the above

Which of the following agents would be regarded as an electron transport inhibitor because it blocks one of the reaction processes in this system?

a. Dinitrophenol

b. Valinomycin

c. Oligomycin

d. Carbon monoxide or cyanide

e. None of the above

d. Carbon monoxide or cyanide

Which of the following is not considered a cell adhesion molecule?

a. Selectins

b. Integrins

c. Ig-superfamily

d. Cadherins

e. None of the above because all are involved in cell to cell or cell to substrate adhesion in some manner

e. None of the above because all are involved in cell to cell or cell to substrate adhesion in some manner

Penetrating keratoplasty and endothelial keratoplasty was discussed in class. This is a surgical procedure that addresses

a. Replacing opaque corneas

b. Replacing a defective lens in the eye such as in the case of lens cataracts

c. Macula degeneration

d. Amblyopia or "lazy eye" syndrome

e. Severe skin cancer cases that requires replacing tissue that is lost

a. Replacing opaque corneas

Who proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis and won the Nobel Prize for this work?

a. Dave Matthews

b. Peter Mitchell

c. Harvey Stenger

d. Lois DeFleur

e. Lan bo Chen

b. Peter Mitchell

Which of the following concerning glycolysis is false?

a. Aerobic

b. Generates ATP through substrate level phosphorylation

c. Generates a net 2 ATP/molecule of glucose

d. Occurs in the cytoplasm

e. Generates NADH

a. Aerobic

Chloroquine is a compound that was initially successfully tested during World War II as a prophylactic treatment of malaria. Since that time it has been used both in the clinic as well as in the research lab to investigate which organelle or process?

a. Chloroplasts - Light reactions

b. Chloroplasts - Carbon fixation reactions

c. Lysosomes

d. Mitochondria

e. Collagen synthesis

c. Lysosomes

You are studying photophosphorylation and are able to purify an experimental preparation of thylakoid vesicles that have the cFoF1 particles facing outside, not inside, the lumen. Which of the following pH gradients would generate the greatest amount of ATP in this experimental system?

a. pH inside the lumen = 4 ; pH outside the lumen = 4

b. pH inside the lumen = 8 ; pH outside the lumen = 8

c. pH inside the lumen = 8; pH outside the lumen = 4

d. pH inside the lumen = 12; pH outside the lumen = 4

e. pH inside the lumen = 4 ; pH outside the lumen = 8

e. pH inside the lumen = 4 ; pH outside the lumen = 8

Myasthenia gravis is caused by which of the following?

a. Degeneration of the striatal neurons in the brain that contain dopamine

b. Immune reaction to acetylcholine

c. Over secretion of serotonin

d. Too few acetylcholine receptors on the post-synaptic muscle at the neuromuscular junction

e. Inability of lysosomes to degrade select phospholipids

d. Too few acetylcholine receptors on the post-synaptic muscle at the neuromuscular junction

"Feeder layers" are either living or dead cells (often mouse embryo fibroblasts) that traditionally have been required for the cell growth of which cell types?

a. Human embryonic stem cells

b. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells

c. MDCK cells

d. HeLa cells

e. All of the above

a. Human embryonic stem cells

Melvin Calvin spent 10 years investigating and subsequently elucidating the carbon fixation cycle. What key tool did he use for this purpose?

a. Gel filtration

b. cDNA microarrays

c. Laser capture microsdissection

d. Radioisotope

e. Monoclonal antibody against RUBISCO

d. Radioisotope

Heterophagy is a process most closely aligned with which organelle/structure?

a. Mitochondria

b. Chloroplasts

c. Lysosomes

d. Extracellular matrix

e. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

c. Lysosomes

A key experiment was described in class that allowed cell biologists to get an initial handle on the molecular basis of Hurler's disease which is characterized by the inability of the cells to synthesize -L-iduronidase. What type of experiment was able to prove that at least one enzyme was missing in Hurler's patients?

a. Gene transfection

b. Co-culture of normal and Hurler's cells together

c. Transmission electron microscopy of Hurler's cells

d. ELISA assays

e. Blocking the expression of Bax

b. Co-culture of normal and Hurler's cells together

Cardiolipin plays an important part in mitochondria. What is its function?

a. It is the complex that is activated during apoptosis and subsequently activates procaspase 8

b. It is soluble within the mitochondrial matrix and serves as a calcium reservoir

c. It is a special phospholipid that binds the electron transport complexes together in the Inner mitochondrial membrane acting like a biological "glue" as well as increasing the transmembrane resistance

d. It works as an antiapoptotic protein

e. Only Dave Matthews knows for sure

c. It is a special phospholipid that binds the electron transport complexes together in the Inner mitochondrial membrane acting like a biological "glue" as well as increasing the transmembrane resistance

An experimental series with L cells was described in class that involved the transfection of the cadherin transgene. What was the conclusion of this experiment?

a. Cadherin binding requires autophosphorylation

b. Cadherin binding requires the dimerization of the molecules

c. Cadherin synthesis occurs through the rough endoplasmic reticulum pathway

d. Cadherins bind to each other in a heterophilic manner

e. None of the above

e. None of the above

Curare, eserine and neostigmine have been useful for investigating and treating which disease?

a. I cell disease

b. Hurler's syndrome

c. Pompe's disease

d. Gaucher's disease

e. None of the above

e. None of the above

Metchnikoff and Virchow worked at the Pasteur Institute and were instrumental in studying which process?

a. Protein trafficking

b. The role of Bcl-2 in cancer

c. How cancer cells can use glycolysis more effectively than normal cells

d. Phagocytosis

e. C4 plant carbon fixation

d. Phagocytosis

Which type of cell adhesion molecule often undergoes a cis-trans configuration arrangement as a means to generate a stronger bond between cells?

a. Integrin receptors

b. Cadherins

c. N-CAM

d. Fibronectin

e. Hylauronan

b. Cadherins

A defect in hexominidase A is associated with which disease state?

a. Tay Sachs disease

b. Pompe's disease

c. Gaucher's disease

d. I cell disease

e. Hurler's disease

a. Tay Sachs disease

Bortezomib, otherwise known as Velcade, is currently being tested to treat a variety of cancers such as relapsed myeloma. What is its primary mode of action?

a. Inhibits proteasomes

b. Inhibits lysosomes

c. Targets the MPTP

d. Blocks a key enzyme in glycolysis

e. None of the above because it is not known how this drug works

a. Inhibits proteasomes

Cyclosporin is used clinically for a variety of purposes. On the research level it is often used to investigate energy related activities in the cell. How does it work in this regard?

a. Opens the MPTP

b. Inhibits Bax

c. Blocks the MPTP

d. Chelates Cytochrome C

e. Inhibits Caspase 3

c. Blocks the MPTP

Panasonic is working on developing an artificial photosynthesis system that consumes carbon dioxide. At the current time it is achieving an efficiency level comparable to that of real plants used for biomass energy. What is the end product of the reaction as described in class?

a. Carbon dioxide

b. Formic acid

c. Glucose

d. Sucrose

e. Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate

b. Formic acid

Opsinization is a process that involves which of the following?

a. Antibodies

b. Bacteria

c. White blood cells/phagocytes

d. Endocytosis

e. All of the above

e. All of the above

3H-bungarotoxin is a radioactive probe that became available in the 1970s. Dan Drachman from Johns Hopkins used this agent successfully to further elucidate the mechanism underlying which of the following?

a. Calvin cycle

b. Ability of vascular plants to switch from linear to cyclic photophosphorylation

c. The molecular basis underlying Myasthenia gravis

d. Phagocytosis

e. None of the above

c. The molecular basis underlying Myasthenia gravis

Which organelle is involved in the initial process of autophagy of, for instance, mitochondria?

a. Endoplasmic reticulum

b. Trans Golgi Network

c. Cis-Golgi

d. Peroxisomes

e. Nucleus

a. Endoplasmic reticulum

Elescomol is a new FDA-approved drug initially introduced by Synta and works through increasing reactive oxygen species in cancer cells. How does it work?

a. It activates the MPTP apoptosis pathway through an increase in reactive oxygen species

b. It inactivates the enzyme PMK2

c. It activates phosphofructokinase-1

d. It inhibits oxygen from serving as the final electron acceptor

e. None of the above

a. It activates the MPTP apoptosis pathway through an increase in reactive oxygen species

Divalent cations are required for the proper function of which of the two following molecules?

a. Laminin, fibronectin

b. Fibronectin, collagen

c. Collagen, Integrin receptors

d. Integrin receptors, cadherins

e. Cadherins, Ig superfamily

d. Integrin receptors, cadherins

An acrosome

a. Is a specialized lysosome

b. Is found at the head of a sperm cell

c. Releases hydrolytic enzymes

d. Is acidic in nature

e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Autophagy is now being actively studied in connection with the endoplasmic stress (UPR) pathway as well as apoptosis with the hope that these studies can be leveraged to better treat

a. Rheumatoid arthritis

b. Osteoarthritis

c. Parkinson's Disease

d. Cancer

e. Ebola infection

d. Cancer

Which of the following about the MPTP is false?

a. It can be blocked by Bcl-2

b. It is comprised, in part, by the VDAC

c. It is compromised, in part, by the ANT

d. When open it can trigger apoptosis in response to intrinsic stress

e. None of the above because all are true

e. None of the above because all are true

I cell disease is a lysosomal disease whose defect is best described as which of the following?

a. Inability to synthesize lysosomal enzymes

b. Defective M-6-P receptor

c. Complete absence of lysosomes

d. Inability to tag lysosomes with the M-6-P address tag in the cis-Golgi

e. All of the above

d. Inability to tag lysosomes with the M-6-P address tag in the cis-Golgi

Ubiquitination is a key event in many cellular processes. Which phrase below best describes its importance?

a. Serves as a chaperone protein that facilitates the recovery of photoinhibition

b. Tags proteins for degradation in the proteasomes

c. Is the process that is required for plants to switch from cyclic to non-cyclic photophosphorylation

d. It is the rate limiting reaction of purple sulfur bacteria to use H2S in its photosynthetic system

e. It is required for the release of plastocyanin through the mitochondrial MPTP.

b. Tags proteins for degradation in the proteasomes

The activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis pathway involves a number of steps. In the list below which one is the last in the cascade?

a. Activation of procaspase 3 to caspase 3

b. Release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria

c. Binding of cytochrome C to APAF1

d. Binding of ligands to a death receptor in the outer plasma membrane

e. Activation of procaspase 9 to caspase 9.

a. Activation of procaspase 3 to caspase 3

Cerezyme is an enzyme therapy procedure used to treat

a. Leukemia

b. Melanoma

c. Overactive MPTP

d. Hurlers syndrome

e. Gaucher's disease

e. Gaucher's disease

The proton motive force drives mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The H+ differential is a critical part of this PMF. Which phrase best describes how these protons are pumped?

a. From the cytoplasm across the outer mitochondrial membrane

b. From the intermembrane space between the outer and inner mitochondrial to the

cytoplasm

c. From the intermembrane space between the outer and inner mitochondrial to the mitochondrial matrix.

d. From the matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the inter-membrane space

e. It is not yet known in which direction protons are pumped in the mitochondria.

d. From the matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the inter-membrane space

The ability of vascular plants to switch between linear (non-cyclic) to cyclic photosynthesis is due to the re-location of which entity?

a. Light harvesting complex I (LHC I)

b. Light harvesting complex II (LHC II)

c. FoF1

d. Cytochrome b/f complex

e. Plastocyanin

b. Light harvesting complex II (LHC II)

Genasense and Obatoclax are relatively new drugs designed to treat cancers in combination with other treatment regimes. What is their target?

a. Cytochrome C

b. Bcl-2

c. Bax

d. Caspase 3

e. Caspase 9

b. Bcl-2

Silica endocytosis and subsequent cell death plays a major part in which disease?

a. Miner's disease

b. Hurler's Syndrome

c. I cell disease

d. Gaucher's disease

e. Pompe's disease

a. Miner's disease

Which of the following is not a description of a glycosaminoglycan?

a. Can have a large hydration shell

b. Has a very slow turnover rate or half life like elastin

c. Can bind cations

d. Can increase the local osmolarity around the molecule

e. Can bind growth factors

b. Has a very slow turnover rate or half life like elastin

Two clinical trials were conducted using a plant photosynthetic pigment with the hope that due to the anti-oxidant activity of this pigment it might prevent the development of lung cancer in males. Which pigment was used in this regard?

a.-carotene

b. Chlorophyll a

c. Chlorophyll b

d. Phycoerythrin

e. Phycocyanin

a.-carotene

Your laboratory plans to isolate the key antiport proteins that mediate the NADH malate/aspartate shuttle system. Where would you look for these proteins?

a. Soluble within the cytosol

b. Outer mitochondrial membrane

c. Intermembrane space (between the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane)

d. Inner mitochondrial membrane

e. Mitochondrial matrix

d. Inner mitochondrial membrane

"Ragged red fibers" can be visualized with a special Gomori tricrome stain (not mentioned in class).While not definitive in its ability to identify its intended pathology, it has been useful for identifying which type of disease?

a. Leukemia

b. Mitochondrial myopathies

c. Lysosomal diseases

d. Deficiencies in glycolysis

e. Diseases charactierized by defects in collagen synthesis

b. Mitochondrial myopathies

The FoF1 particle can be best described as

a. Caspase

b. ATPase

c. ATP synthetase

d. The electron transport chain

e. Only Dave Matthews knows for sure

c. ATP synthetase

Valinomycin could be described as

a. An agent that directly inhibits the electrons from moving through the electron transport chain

b. A cyclic polypeptide that can pass potassium and other cations across a transmembrane voltage gradient

c. A drug that blocks Bax and its pro-apoptotic activity

d. An agent that can block photoinhibition

e. None of the above

b. A cyclic polypeptide that can pass potassium and other cations across a transmembrane voltage gradient

Where would you find the mitochondrial ATP/ADP antiporter and the phosphate transporter?

a. Matrix

b. Inner membrane

c. Intermembrane space

d. Outer membrane

e. Not yet known

b. Inner membrane

Thermogenin, otherwise known as Uncoupling Protein 1, works in a similar fashion to

a. Lincomycin

b. Rotenone

c. Dinitrophenol

d. Oligomycin

e. Puromycin

c. Dinitrophenol

You are interested in studying resonance energy transfer in a vascular plant leaf that occurs between the chlorophyll-containing reaction center and its associated light harvesting complex. Where would you find these located in a plant chloroplast?

a. Outer membrane

b. Inner membrane

c. Stroma

d. Thylakoid membrane

e. Thylakoid lumen

d. Thylakoid membrane

You are interested in studying the carbon fixation cycle. Where does this reaction take place in plants?

a. Soluble in the cytoplasm

b. Inner chloroplast membrane

c. Chloroplast stroma

d. Thylakoid membrane

e. Chloroplast thylakoid lumen

c. Chloroplast stroma

Collagen has many unusual features about its synthesis given that the assembled extracellular molecule is typically very long. Initially it is synthesized as a "procollagen" molecule with amino and carboxy ends that are not present in the totally assembled, extracellular molecule. Why are these ends important?

a. They protect the procollagen from degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum

b. They are important in directing, in part, the extracellular assembly of the molecule

c. They inhibit the extracellular lysyl oxidase

d. They direct the glycosylation activity in the Golgi

e. They are the part of the collagen that is hydroxylated

b. They are important in directing, in part, the extracellular assembly of the molecule

Which of the following is not generated in the cyclic photophosphorylation cycle?

a. Evolved oxygen

b. ATP

c. A transmembrane proton differential

d. NADPH

e. None of the above because all are generated

d. NADPH

Laminin is often used when culturing PC12 cells given that this extracellular matrix protein encourages the PC12 cells to take on which type of cellular phenotype?

a. Hepatocyte

b. Neuron

c. Fibroblast

d. Keratinocyte

e. Vascular endothelial cells

b. Neuron

Cadherin’s effectiveness requires that it be associated with which internal cellular structure that, in turn, ensures cell adhesion and the fact that the cells in question will not shear due to mechanical stress?

a. F-actin

b. Myosin filaments

c. G-actin

d. Microtubules

e. None of the above

a. F-actin

Oxygen is generated in oxidative photophosphorylation by which of the following?

a. Photosystem I

b. Photosystem II

c. Carbon fixation cycle

d. RUBISCO

e. Not yet known

b. Photosystem II

Photoinhibition selectively targets

a. Photosystem II

b. Photosystem I

c. RUBISCO

d. The FoF1 particle

e. Light harvesting complex I

a. Photosystem II

Phosphoneol pyruvate carboxylase is important to C4 plants for which of the following reasons?

a. It is primarily concentrated in the epidermal cells lining the outside of the leaf

b. It is in much higher concentration outside the plants cells rather than inside

c. It is an enzyme that can be turned off with high concentrations of calcium

d. It is typically present in an inactive "pro" form until it is activated by light

e. It has a higher affinity for carbon dioxide than does RUBISCO

e. It has a higher affinity for carbon dioxide than does RUBISCO

Which of the following was so named because of its superficial resemblance to antibodies?

a. Ig superfamily

b. Chondroitin sulfate

c. Perlecan

d. Cadherins

e. Laminin

a. Ig superfamily

Which of the following is often in the form of a triple helix?

a. Hyaluronan

b. Laminin

c. Collagen

d. Integrin receptors

e. Proteoglycans

c. Collagen

Which cell layer is critical due to its role in controlling the osmotic integrity of the cornea?

a. Corneal epithelium

b. Fibroblasts in the stroma

c. Collagen fibers in the stroma

d. Corneal endothelium

e. Lens epithelium

d. Corneal endothelium

As shown in your text and in class antibodies to which of the following molecules can

block morphogenesis that occurs during mouse embryogenesis?

a. Laminin

b. Perlecan

c. Syndecan

d. Nidogen

e. Fibronectin

e. Fibronectin

Which of the following is also called a Descemet's membrane if it is in the cornea, is composed of Type IV collagen with laminin as well as other components, and is the major barrier between the epidermis and dermis in the skin?

a. Barrier occludens

b. Basal territory

c. Basal occludens

d. Basal lamina

e. None of the above

d. Basal lamina

An experiment discussed in class investigated the RGD sequence and its ability to bind to the integrin receptors. What was the conclusion of this experiment?

a. Laminin doesn't bind to collagen

b. Laminin will bind to the integrin receptors if the former is phosphorylated

c. The integrin receptor binding domain of fibronectin is the RGD sequence

d. If RGD binds to the integrin receptors it will convert human embryonic stem cells to

pancreatic islets

e. All of the above

c. The integrin receptor binding domain of fibronectin is the RGD sequence

Defective dystrophin is characteristic of which disease state?

a. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

b. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

c. Ehlers Danlos

d. Osteogenesis Imperfecta

e. Cystic fibrosis

b. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Which of the following molecules typically found in a basal lamina could be described as a rodlike molecule, sometimes referred to as entactin, that cross-links type IV collagen, perlecan, and laminin and helps incorporate other components into the ECM and also Stabilizes basal laminae?

a. Type IV collagen

b. Laminin

c. Fibronectin

d. Nidogen

e. Perlecan

d. Nidogen

Alport's Syndrome and Goodpasture's syndrome can be best described as defects related to

a. Lysosomal protein trafficking

b. Collagen and the basal lamina

c. Glycosylation of integrin receptors

d. Phagocytosis

e. Fibronectin binding

b. Collagen and the basal lamina

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is caused by a genetic defect in the synthesis of

a. Chondroitin sulfate

b. Aggrecan core protein

c. Integrin subunit

d. ICAM-1

e. P-selectin

c. Integrin subunit

You are investigating the relationship between pectin and lignin. What organelle/structure are you most likely investigating?

a. Mitochondria

b. Plant cell wall

c. Chloroplast

d. Lysosomes

e. Dermis of the skin

b. Plant cell wall

The definitive way to demonstrate that a particular organelle is, indeed, a lysosome is to do which of the following?

a. Stain it with acid phosphatase

b. Determine if it contains the M-6-P receptor

c. Stain it with neutral red

d. Determine if it has an acid pH

e. None of the above

a. Stain it with acid phosphatase

Ethanol or lactic acid can be made as a byproduct via which of the following enzymatic cascades.

a. glycolysis

b. MPTP/cytochrome c pathway

c. Calvin cycle

d. Krebs cycle

e. electron transport chain

a. glycolysis

Which of the following drugs below is the first of its type and marketed by Millennium Pharmaceuticals designed to target the proteasomes as a means to treat multiple myeloma?

a. Cerezyme

b. methotrexate

c. Synta

d. Bortezomib

e. Herceptin

d. Bortezomib

Lan bo Chen discovered Rhodamine 123 and first identified how it worked by analyzing its fluorescence intensity using a number of drugs. Which of the drugs below caused an increase in rhodamine 123 fluoresence?

a. oligomycin

b. DNP

c. valinomycin

d. valimonycin and DNP when added together

e. amytal

a. oligomycin

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is due to a defect in

a. ICAM-2

b. an integrin receptor

c. P-Selectin

d. PAF receptor

e. tight junctions between endothelial cells

b. an integrin receptor

p680 is a chlorophyll molecule found

a. in the PSII reaction center

b. in the PSI reaction center

c. in the FoF1 complex

d. in the carbon fixation cycle

e. none of the above

a. in the PSII reaction center

The malate aspartate shuttle

a. transfers NADPH to the Calvin cycle

b. can uncouple Photosystem I from Photosystem II

c. regulates the speed of the citric acid cycle

d. blocks the activity of porin in the outer mitochondrial membrane

e. none of the above

e. none of the above

Which of the following does not describe oxidative phosphorylation that occurs in the mitochondria?

a. aerobic

b. requires an electron transport system

c. generates in excess of 25 ATPs/molecule glucose

d. generates ATP using substrate level phosphorylation

e. none of the above because all correctly describe oxidative phosphorylation

d. generates ATP using substrate level phosphorylation

Which of the following is not a proper description or quality of a glycosaminoglycan?

a. can be cleaved by proteases such as trypsin

b. extensively charged due to the presence of many COO- groups

c. is typically composed of repeating disaccharides

d. can be several micrometers long

e. is regarded as a rigid molecule

a. can be cleaved by proteases such as trypsin

Phosphorylation of light harvesting complex II is critical in

a. the cycling of linear to cyclic electron flow

b. regulating the speed of the carbon fixation enzymatic cascade

c. activating chlorophyll a

d. activating chlorophyll b

e. photoinhibition

a. the cycling of linear to cyclic electron flow

The oxygen evolved by vascular plants originates from water, not the assimilated carbon dioxide. Which of the organisms below was most critical in elucidating this fact?

a. aerobic bacteria

b. purple sulphur bacteria

c. HepG2 cells

d. Arabadopsis

e. none of the above

b. purple sulphur bacteria

Ehler-Danlos is a heterogeneous group of diseases that is characterized by defects in

a. lysosomes

b. mitochondria

c. loose connective tissue

d. basal lamina

e. dystrophin

c. loose connective tissue

Curare was used to better understand Myasthenia Gravis. What is its function?

a. It is an antibody that immunoprecipitates acetylcholine receptors in the plane of the membrane

b. It inhibits acetylcholinesterase - the enzyme that breaks down actylcholine in the synapse

c. It blocks the acetylcholine receptors

d. it labels acetylcholine receptors so they can be viewed in the electron microscope

e. none of the above

c. It blocks the acetylcholine receptors

21 and 61 are descriptions of the subunit compositions of what type of molecule?

a. proteoglycans

b. collagen subtypes

c. glycosaminoglycans

d. fibronectin variants

e. integrin receptor subtypes

e. integrin receptor subtypes

Which of the following isotopes was used by Melvin Calvin as a means to elucidate the carbon fixation cycle?

a. 131Iodine

b. 14CO2

c. 32PO4

d. 3H

e. 35S-methionine

b. 14CO2

Cerezyme is a drug developed by Genzyme Therapeutics used to treat

a. Type I Gaucher Disease

b. Pompe's disease

c. Myasthenia Gravis

d. Silicosis

e. Hurler's disease

a. Type I Gaucher Disease

JC-1 is a mitochondrial dye that is used for both basic research and pharmaceutical applications. What functional parameter does it reflect via its fluorescence emission wavelength characteristics?

a. transmembrane proton differential

b. transmembrane voltage differential

c. activity of the FoF1

d. activity of the citric acid cycle

e. not yet known

b. transmembrane voltage differential

Which of the following drugs would be regarded as an uncoupler?

a. DNP

b. cyanide

c. oligomycin

d. chloramphenicol

e. cycloheximide

a. DNP

Why is the development of artificial photosynthesis important?

a. It can help us understand more about the two photosystems

b. It could be used as a means to generate burnable organic fuels

c. It could be used to reduce the greenhouse effect by reducing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere

d. both b and c

e. none of the above

d. both b and c