PSYCH 101 EXAM

Three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation

Activation
Persistence
Intensity

Theories of motivation

Instinct Theory, Drive Reduction Theory, Arousal Theory, Incentive Theory, humanistic

Instinct theory

People are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming

Drive theory

the belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction

incentive theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.

arousal theory

A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.

Humanistic

study that says that humans are basically good and possess a free will

Hunger

Biological Motive

eating behavior

complex interaction of biological, social, and psychological factors

Glucose

simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats

commonly called blood sugar

Insulin

hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and eating behavior

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

when the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration

baseline body weight

cluster of genetic and environmental factors that cause a person's weight to settle within a given range

energy homeostasis

the long

energy homeostasis steps

Step 1: Food is broken down by enzymes, absorbed by intestines
Step 2: Glucose, or blood sugar, is converted as a source of energy
Step 3: Insulin Helps control glucose and regulate eating and weight
Step 4: When your caloric intake exceeds the amount of calories expended for energy, you experience positive energy balance
Step 5: When you diet or fast, a negative energy balance occurs

Short

Term Signals That Regulate Eating:

Psychological Factors that Trigger Eating

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

classical conditioning (Pavlov)

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Set point theory

belief that brain mechanisms regulate body weight around a genetically predetermined 'set point'

settling point models

body weight settles at a balance between energy intake and expenditure

Prevalence

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A numerical scale indicating adult height in relation to weight

obesity

a condition characterized by having excess body fat

for adults, a BMI of 30 or higher

overweight

a condition characterized by BMI between 25 and 29.9

Maslow

Humanist psychologist who developed a pyramid representing heirarchy of human needs.

self

actualization

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self

physiological needs

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Safety needs

security, safety

esteem needs

prestige and feeling of accomplishment

belongingness and love needs

intimate relationships, friends

emotion

a complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response

mood

Milder emotional state that is more general and pervasive, such as gloominess or contentment

Functions of emotions

preparing us for action, shaping our future behavior, helping us interact more effectively with others

Evolutionary explanation of Emotion

Darwin: Emotions reflect evolutionary adaptations to problems of survival and reproduction

inform others about our individual states

Neuroscience of Emotion

Emotions are associated with distinct patterns of responses by the sympathetic nervous system and in the brain

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

fear response

Decrease in skin temp (Cold feet)

Anger response

Increase in skin temp (hot under the collar)

Amygdala

a part of the limbic system that activates when something threatning, fearful faces or hear sounds related to fear are seen

Rats with a damaged amygdala:

cannot acquire a classically conditioned fear response.

Humans with damage to the amygdala show decreased

fear response

Darwin (1872)

theorized that human emotional expressions are innate and culturally universal

Ekman (1980)

Estimates the human face is capable of creating more than 7,000 different expressions.

Innate facial expressions

are the same across many cultures

Spontane facial expressions

children and young adults who were born blind do not differ from those of sighted children and adults.

display rules

Cultural norms influence influence emotional expression and management of facial expressions

Emblems

nonverbal gestures that have well

common sense view of emotion

1. Perception of Stimuli
2. Emotional Experience
3. Physiological Response

James

Lange theory of emotion

two

factor theory of emotion

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

theory of emotion which theorizes that individuals decide on an appropriate emotion following the event

Development Psychology

the branch of psychology that studies how people change over the lifespan

developmental psychologist

Investigate the influence of biological, environmental, social, cultural, and behavioral
factors on development at every age and stage of life

longitudinal design

research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time

cross

section design

Zygote

Single cell formed at conception (egg + Sperm)

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Encodes genetic instructions

chemical basis of heredity

Gene

Single unit of DNA

basic unit of heredity

prenatal development

The baby's development during a pregnancy

conception

sperm penetrates the ovum

germinal period

first two weeks after conception

embyronic period

weeks 3

fetal period

two months after conception until birth

Teratogens

Harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus.

causes of teratogens

Exposure to radiation
Alc
Drugs
Smoking
Viruses
Toxic Chemicals

prenatal brain development

The brain undergoes dramatic changes from conception to birth.

Newborn relfexes

things a newborn does that is not learned, but it done naturally

Rooting

turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek

Sucking

sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation

Babinski

fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked

grasping reflex

a baby will try to grasp an object that is placed on his hand or foot

cephalocaudal pattern

top to bottom growth

proximodistal trend

The center

securely attached

infants explore the room when mother is present, become upset and explores less when mother is not present, and show pleasure when mother returns

insecurely attached

babies are less likely to explore the environment, even when their mother is present

Noam Chomsky

theorist who believed that humans have an inborn or "native" propensity to develop language

universal characteristics

incomprehensibility and cultural relativity

Jean Piaget

Known for his theory of cognitive development in children

sensorimotor stage (birth

2 years)

preoperational stage (2 to 7)

during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Egocentrism

Inability to take another persons POV

Irreversibility

inability to reverse sequence (count backwards)

Centration

The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects.

conversation

Understand the two quantities remain equal if the form/appearance is rearranged

concrete operational stage (7

11)

formal operational stage

during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

puberty

The stage of adolescence in which an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction.

primary sex characteristics

Sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus, ovaries, penis, and testicles.

secondary sex characteristics

Sexual characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction but differentiate between the sexes, such as male facial hair and female breast development.

adolescent growth spurt

The period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight.

Adolscent Brain

Social Development in Adolescence

Intimate relationships, increasingly influenced by peers, friendship group expands