Historical Review IB TEST

13th amendment

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

congressional welfare agency created to integrate black people into "society" post-slavery. provided food, clothing, and helped with employment

10% Plan (Lincoln)

confederate states would be readmitted to the union if 10% of voters swore fealty to the union

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction that required 50% of a state's 1860 voters to take an "iron clad" oath of allegiance and a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.

effect of lincoln's 10 percent plan vs the wade-davis plan of 1864

split among northern republicans - moderate majority agreed with Lincoln, but radical republicans wanted the south to be completely dismantled.

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

A plan that gave pardon to all those who took loyalty oaths. It punished plantation owners and forced states to abolish slavery before readmittance.

andrew johnson's america

overtly racist president. johnson appointed the southern elite/southern confederacy to positions of power. ex-confederate generals are being elected

black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

southern presentation of black codes

designed to "ensure" a stable labor supply and restore a "free emancipation" - stated that black people had to be employed by a white person, some stated that black people can't have land ownership and all-white juries.

civil rights bill of 1866

A bill passed by Congress in March 1866 as a measure against the Black Codes to reinforce black rights to citizenship. It was vetoed by Johnson and was later passed as the 14th Amendment.

effect of civil rights bill (1866) on johnson's presidential power

congress constantly overruled his vetoes on bills - the bill was passed as 14th amendment and it became a pattern.

14th amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Denied the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by a past president without the advice and consent of the Senate; passed over Johnson's veto.

Why was Johnson impeached?

he disobeyed the Tenure Office Act and fired his secretary of war - 1 vote short of being fired

Edwin Stanton

Popular Secretary of War who is fired by Johnson and leads to Johnson's impeachment

15th amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude (unless they are women

voter disenfranchisement post-15th amendment

intimidation, violence, restricting people's right to vote. $5 fee to vote - black farmers couldn't afford this. there was also a literacy test.

Grandfather Clause

allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction

military reconstruction

Union troops forced the Southern states to comply with reconstruction policies

Force Act of 1870 and 1871

act that allowed federal troops to stamp out much of the "lash law" - weakened the KKK

compromise of 1877

republicans agree to end reconstruction, democrats give the republicans the white house. rutherford b hayes elected, but congress essentially ran the country

america for black people, post-reconstruction

the black codes evolve into jim crow laws, and sharecropping persists

Homer Plessy

(1/8th black) Sat in a white train car and wanted to test the constitutionality of the law. Plessy vs. Ferguson - resulted in separate but equal

suffrage

the right to vote in political elections

pocket veto

An indirect veto of a bill by the President not acting on it

carpet baggers

Northerners who went South for personal power and profit

third enforcement act

strengthened punishments for those who engaged in voter disenfranchisement against Black people

sharecropping

system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

grantism

A 19th century term for political corruption during the Gilded Age. Which included bribery scandals, abuses of the spoils system and political cronyism.

william tweed

political boss of New York who used corruption to cheat the city out of over 100 million

rapid urbanization

growth of midwesstern and northwestern cities - improvements in farm tech fostered economic growth & less laborers needed

tenement houses

6 or 7 story houses built on narrow lots, unsafe and unsanitary housing for poor city residents.

people immigrating to america during the gilded age

- mostly east, south europe & asian immigrants
- russian immigrants, communist ideologies crossing the ocean
- faced difficult journeys to Ellis Island (where they could be tuned away) - Asian immigrants were processed though Angel Island

example of graft in gilded age america

if a park was in the process of being built, tweed would tell them to stop so he could buy property before prices rose

american businessmen during the industrial revolution

carnegie (steel), rockefeller(oil), vanderbilt (railroads)

why did america industrialize so rapidly in the 20th century?

by 1910, railroads had sped up the process of american industry. allowing faster transportation of goods, lowered costs, model for big business

vertical integration

controlling your product from raw material to the final product (Example: AMAZON)

horizontal integration

controlling one step in the process

rockefeller

captain of oil industry - he would crush opposition by going around local business and telling them to not give you anything. powerful enough to foreclose your home

carnegie

owned US steel and started to invest his money in companies based on what he learned as a phone operation. produced strong steel at cheap price which made him the richest man in the world until bezos

gospel of wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

JP morgan

A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation. America asked him to loan them money but he rejected them

social darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle (racist in theory and practice)

robber barron

a person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices

jay gould

railroad entrepreneur who controlled the union pacific routes

interstate commerce act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - to oversee the implementation of interstate railroads. Hepburn Act gave them economic power

superman anti-trust act

outlawed monopolies controlling industires unfairly

knights of labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

American Federation of Labor

The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

Haymarket Square Riot

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.

pullman strike

against the pullman car company after they slashed worker wages without any insight as to why

Old Immigrants vs. New Immigrants

Old: Northern European (English, Germans, Irish Catholics), assimilated easier, high skill level, often spoke English

New: South/Eastern, wouldn't assimilate, close- knit community, uneducated, lower income, unskilled laborers

ellis island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

jacob riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

cult of domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

social gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

settlement house movement

Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous

grange

an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies

the progressive era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

key pillars of the progressive era

- regulation of trusts, killing of political machines, ending child labor, conservation, female suffrage

Muck Rakers

journalists or writers who alerted the public to wrongdoings in politics and business (coined by teddy roosevelt)

how did the progressive era begin?

fueled by writers and journalists, like Jacob Riis and photographers, muck rakers

ida tarbell

A leading muckraker, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil. her father worked for rockefeller

The History of the Standard Oil Company

a book written by Ida B. Tarbell, it revealed how the company controlled the government from the inside with an emphasis on the US senate

upton sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

how did people react to "the jungle?"

they didn't care about the workers (boiling room nearly boiling them alive, etc.) but were concerned for the quality of their meat

Robert La Follette

The most influential of the state-level progressive governors and a presidential aspirant in 1912. pushed for various reforms, including:
- direct primary party votes get to change who represented them in government
- voters can introduce a bill if the state legislature is not making a bill they want
- referendum. state legislators won't vote on a law, the people will
- recall: impeachment power to the people
-Australian ballot: vote behind covers

Theodore Roosevelt

first "modern" president, moderate who supported progressivism (at times conservative). fist modern war hero and sought to change the lives of the american people

bully pulpit

the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public.

Roosevelt's "Bully Pulpit"

saw his presidency/platform as an opportunity to persuade people to his side - in his speeches, came across as progressive when he was a hardcore moderate

Square Deal (3 C's)

corporate regulation, conservation of natural resources, consumer protection (corporate, conservation, consumer)

1902 coal strike (ROOSEVELT)

Miners went on strike because of bad working conditions and low pay. roosevelt tried to persuade the union to stop, but they did not stop striking. threatened federal involvement and sending military to mine. in the end, coal company grants union workers greater pay and smaller shiftss

Northern Securities Case (ROOSEVELT)

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

Trust Busting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.

1906 Meat Inspection Act (ROOSEVELT)

Law passed by Congress that said all meat shipped over state lines was subject to spontaneous federal inspection (before, companies could schedule inspection)

Gifford Pinchot (ROOSEVELT)

head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

1904 Election

roosevelt wins in a landslide, support in the south

panic of 1907 (ROOSEVELT)

A financial crisis that happened when the New York Stock Exchange crashed. Panic spread through the nation, resulting in many runs on banks and bank failures. It led to the creation of the Federal Reserve. Also known as the Bankers' Panic.

william howard taft

Roosevelt's hand-picked successor as president, he was elected in 1908 and served only one term. more of a trust buster than roosevelt

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (TAFT)

a set of tax regulations, enacted by Congress in 1909, that failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods

how does taft lose roosevelt's support?

taft fires pinshow, roosevelt (and now his) head of the forest service, after pinshow taks poorly about taft's interior secretary. roosevelt gets upset

1912 Election

Election between Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson (Wilson elected because Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican voters)

16th Amendment (WILSON)

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

temperance prohibition act (WILSON)

banned the manufactuing, transportation, and commercial purchase of alcohol

18th amendment (WILSON)

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

birth of a nation

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

woodrow wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. Super racist (would give birth of a nation 5 stars on letterboxd)

Drift and Mastery (1914)

argues that rational scientific governing can overcome forces of societal drift. by walter litman

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Anti-Saloon League (1893)

U.S. organization working for prohibition of the sale of alcoholic liquors. Founded in 1893 as the Ohio Anti-Saloon League at Oberlin, Ohio, by representatives of temperance societies and evangelical Protestant churches, it came to wield great political influence.

W.E.B. DuBois

founding member of NAACP, historian and activist

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NAWSA's "Winning Plan"

On-the-ground grassroots organizing with a centralized masthead. Combined lobbying with activism

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

US census of 1890

census report declared there was no longer undeveloped territory - with the frontier closed, the US had to look farther to expand

war of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

monroe doctine

president monroe declared the west hemisphere belonged to america

American possessions by 1900

wake island, kingman reef, guam, philipines islands

Turner Thesis (1893)

The West is closed! The frontier is closed! With each generation moving west, America became less dependent on England. Many challenges or Matt in Concord, America tamed the wilderness. Individual effort to prove strong while collectively America grew up. America is strong, modern and ready for new changes. READY TO IMPERIALIZE

Albert T. Beveridge

Senator from Indiana who promoted the idea of a commercial empire in the Caribbean (profits). pushed for american expansion