final exam

**A child's ___________ has the most implications for judgments about deviancy and for selecting appropriate assessment and treatment methods.**

\

age

**The relationship between assessment and intervention is best viewed as ________**

related and ongoing

**To be diagnosed with intellectual disability, a person must exhibit _______**

subaverage intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive functioning

**The proportion of individuals who do not exhibit a particular symptom and do not meet diagnostic criteria for a particular disorder is referred to as:**

negative predictive power

**A central tenet of developmental psychopathology is that to understand maladaptive behavior, we must consider _______**

what is normative for a given period of development

**The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) categorizes persons with intellectual disability according to ________**

extent of support needed

**What does it mean if a test is normed on a group that is representative of the population?​**

The test is as free from cultural bias as possible.

**Herkimer is fearful of approaching new situations and often appears inhibited. Herkimer’s mother reports that she struggles with similar difficulties and he may have inherited it from her. This is an example of _________**

biological influences

**Jessica, age 15, gossips, verbally insults peers, and often ostracizes others. Jessica is displaying _________**

relational aggression

**DSM-5 criteria for intellectual disability consist of subaverage intellectual functioning of _______ or below and impairment in ________.​**

70; adaptive functioning

**Equifinality refers to which one of the following:**

multiple events or factors are associated with a similar outcome or clinical disorder

**The more severe forms of intellectual disability are more likely due to ________ causes than is mild intellectual disability.​**

organic

**The proportion of individuals who meet diagnostic criteria for a particular disorder who exhibit a particular symptom is referred to as:**

sensitivity

**Individuals with mild intellectual disability can usually acquire academic skills up to approximately the _______ grade level.​**

sixth

**The theory of mind hypothesis of ASD suggests that children with ASD _________**

do not understand others' mental states

**When mainstreamed into a regular classroom, children with intellectual disability ________**

end up being socially isolated because other children do not play with them

**A factor or variable that influences the direction or strength of the relation between an independent and dependent variable is called:**

a moderator variable

**Which statement about ASD (autism spectrum disorder) is true?​**

ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder

**The promise of early intervention with ASD derives primarily from ________**

the plasticity of neural systems early in development

**The number of new cases of a particular clinical disorder within a specific time period refers to:**

incidence rate

**Joint attention refers to the ability to ________**

coordinate one’s focus of attention on another person and an object of mutual interest

**Which of the following is most important to a clinical psychologist when conducting an initial clinical assessment of a child?**

positive predictive power

**A _____ of symptoms that significantly _____ an individual’s ability to function, and is characterized by a particular________ picture with a specifiable onset, course, ________, outcome, and response to treatment, and associated ______, psychosocial, and _________ correlates.**

constellation, impairs, symptom, duration, familial, biological

**Which list below best describes the primary DSM-5 clinical features of children with autism?**

impairments in social interaction, communication, & restricted/repetitive patterns of behavior

**A step-by-step approach to presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response that is used in the treatment of ASD is called _________**

discrete trial training

Clinical Disorder

a constellation of symptoms that significantly impairs an individual’s ability to function , and is characterized by a particular symptom picture with a specifiable onset, course, duration, outcome, and response to treatment, and associated familial, psychosocial, and biological correlates

Orienting network

functioning is assessed by triggering cue that directs visual attention to target stimuli for further processing; attentive to things that pop up in environment

Alerting network

is responsible for sustaining attention, psychostimulants correct this (likely due to presence of ADHD__)__

Executive network

is responsible for the effortful control of attention in problem solving, thinking, etc (likely due to presence of ADHD__)__

3 primary symptoms of ODD

Anger/irritable mood, Argumentative and defiant behavior, & Vindictiveness

What are the pathways children follow when developing persistent conduct disorder?

Authoritarian pathway, covert pathway, overt pathway (in this order)

What pathway do children with CD typically enter first?

Authoritative pathway

Delinquency, in the legal sense, may result \__________________, whereas conduct disorder requires a persistent pattern of antisocial behavior

from isolated incidents

Delinquency, in the legal sense, may result from isolated incidents, whereas conduct disorder requires \________.

a persistent pattern of antisocial behavior

Twin studies suggest that \____ factors play the largest role in accounting for ADHD

hereditary

The most common co-morbid psychological disorder(s) in children with ADHD is/are

ODD and learning disorders

is one of the most common symptoms of depression in children, occurring in about 80% of clinic-referred youngsters with depression

Irritability

The single best predictor of a child’s risk for Major Depressive Disorder is

family history

The typical duration of major depressive disorder in children/adolescence is

8-14 months

What are the two primary underlying neurocognitive deficits that account for \n the excessive gross motor activity (hyperactivity) and working memory \n deficits in children with ADHD?

Under arousal of frontal/prefrontal cortex (hyperactivity) & Shaw effect (memory deficits)

Which disorder describes children who display an age-inappropriate recurrent pattern of stubborn, hostile, and defiant behaviors?

ODD

What is the most frequent disorder that co-occurs in children with depression?

Anxiety disorder

What is the single best predictor of a child’s risk for Major Depressive Disorder?

Family History

What are the two primary differences between major depression and dysthymia in children?

Dysthymia lasts longer and is less severe

What is the term used to describe the absence of joy and interest in activities that were previously enjoyable?

Anhedonia

The 'cognitive triad' in depression theory refers to

negative views of self, world, and future

The diathesis-stress model of depression explains the onset of the disorder as due to what two primary factors?

Inherent vulnerability and environmental stressors

What behaviors are most often associated with callous unemotional traits?

Lack of empathy and remorse, disregard of others

The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis’s role in clinical depression is to

increased HPA activity during chronic stress, continuous release of cortisol

3 primary domains characteristic of ADHD

Attention, Hyperactivity, & Impulsivity

ADHD prevalence rate

5 to 7 %

refers to the finding based on repeated brain imaging that revealed a 1 1/2-to-2-year delay in frontal/prefrontal cortical development

Shaw effect

The primary treatments for children with ADHD are

Psychostimulants & Behavioral interventions

only improving short term memory - storing temporary info

Cognitive Training/Near training effects

onset

Age of initial symptoms + insidious VS rapid

course

Slowing worsening or improving ; episodic VS chronic; etc.

duration

How long does a particular episode lasts.

outcome

Do you partially, fully, or never recover / OR remain in partial or full remission

Epidemiology

If there is a breakout of a new disease or an increment of a specific disorder, what would be the study that would do a systematic examination of factors that affect the incidence, distribution, and outcome of diseases and other health conditions in populations?

Epidemiology (term)

concerned with the ways in which clinical disorders and diseases occur in human populations, and with factors that influence these patterns of occurrence

Incidence Rate

A researcher is trying to assess the occurrence of new OCD cases after the COVID-19 Pandemic. The researcher is calculating the

Incidence Rate (term)

The incidence rate is to assess the occurrence of new cases

Prevalence Rate

A researcher is concerned with finding out the number of OCD cases that incremented at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and wants to find out how many are still present. The researcher wants to find out what is the

Prevalence Rate (term)

The prevalence rate is to assess the existing cases

Equifinality

Refers to the idea that different paths or processes can lead to the same result. This is called

Multifinality

various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings

Secondary Symptoms.

An individual with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) may exhibit secondary symptoms such as repetitive checking, counting, or arranging, which are not specifically listed in the diagnostic criteria for OCD but are often observed in individuals with the disorder. These symptoms are called

Pathognomonic Symptom

disease is easily distinguished by a very specific symptom which is a bull's-eye-shaped rash. This means that the bull's-eye-shaped rash is a

The proportion of individuals who have positive diagnostic criteria for a particular disorder who do not exhibit a particular symptom. This is

Sensitivity

Specificity

The proportion of individuals who do NOT meet the criteria for a disorder and do NOT exhibit a particular symptom

Negative Predictive Power

What is the statistical measure that indicates the proportion of instances in which a test or model correctly predicts the absence of a condition or event

Positive Predictive Power

The proportion of individuals who exhibit a particular symptom who do meet full Dx criteria for a particular disorder

PPP/NPP

Between Specificity/ Sensitivity AND PPP/NPP, which one is more important or relevant to a mental health specialist?

Specificity/ Sensitivity

Between Specificity/ Sensitivity AND PPP/NPP, which one does the Dx has to be already known?

Base Rate

What term refers to the prevalence of a certain event or condition in a population, serving as a baseline for evaluating the accuracy of a diagnostic test or the likelihood of an event?

Base Rate (term)

How frequently is the symptom present in children with a particular disorder

Moderator effect

The relationship between A and C is affected by something. The relationship between A and B can be bettered if the "something" affecting the relationship is worked with. What is the "something" called?

Classical Conditioning

Learning type where an individual is conditioned to their environment and an individual learns by experience

Operant Conditioning

Learning type where an individual learns by rewards

Clinical Interviews, Observations, Norm-Reference Tests, and Information Data Gatherings

What are the different types of Clinical Assessments:

Clinical Interviews

Standardized, systematic interviews designed to assess the presence or absence of specific disorders. An example is the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS)

Observations

Structured observation of the child's behavior in different settings, such as the classroom or home, and the use of standardized checklists to assess symptoms

Symptom Picture of ADHD

Inattention, impulsivity and Hyperactivity

Specifiable onset of ADHD

Probably from birth, but not noticeable until Kindergarten to First Grade

Heritability for ADHD is

57% - 97% (AVG 95%)

Inattention Symptoms:

fails to give close attention to details, difficulty sustaining attention, does not seem to listen, does not follow through with instructions, difficulty organizing tasks or activities, avoid tasks requiring mental effort, it's just things necessary for tasks, easily distracted, forgetful in daily activities

Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptoms

they did this with hands or feet or squirms in sit, leaves seat in the classroom inappropriately, runs about or climbs excessively, has difficulty playing quietly, is “on the go” or “driven by a motor”, talks excessively, blurts out answers before questions are completed, has difficulty awaiting turn, interrupts or intrudes on others.

Orienting Network

Functioning is typically assed in experimental studies by triggering a cue that directs visual attention to target stimuli for further processing and is associated primarily w/ the parietal lobe

Alerting Network

Responsible for maintaining vigilance & governed with the frontal and parietal regions

Executive Network

involved in the effortful control of attention and allied w/ the anterior cingulate & lateral prefrontal & parietal regions. And directs/oversees WM and fluid IQ (Novel problem solving)

ODD DSM-V Dx Criteria

Angry and Irritable mood

Argumentative / Defiant Behavior

Vindictive

Depressive Disorder DSM-V Dx Criteria

An individual needs to have 5 Symptoms in a 2-week period where at least one symptom is anhedonia or a “depressed mood.”

Bipolar Personality Disorder

• It is Episodic (Comes and Goes)

• Less than 1% prevalence rate

• Onset is 7 plus or minus 3 ½ years

Children cannot be diagnosed with APD but the criteria are similar to Conduct disorder.

.

Delinquency vs conduct disorder

Delinquency is for Isolated incidences & conduct disorder is for patterns of antisocial behavior.

Which disorder describes children who display an age-inappropriate recurrent pattern of stubborn, hostile, and defiant behaviors?

ODD

What is the most frequent disorder that co-occurs in children with depression?

Anxiety Disorder

What are the two primary differences between major depression and dysthymia in children?

Dysthymia lasts longer.

What is the likely developmental progression between ODD and CD?

30%

What are the most common co-occurring clinical disorders for ADHD? .

Learning Disorders