Thinking Geographically KI 1-4 Review

What is the definition of culture?

Culture encompasses material traits, customary beliefs, and social forms that define a group.

What are material traits in culture?

Material traits include visible elements left behind by a group, such as clothing and architecture.

How do language and religion fit into the definition of culture?

Language and religion are crucial components of culture, discussed in later chapters.

What is the difference between a habit and a custom?

A habit is a repetitive act performed by an individual, while a custom is a repetitive act of a group that becomes characteristic of that group.

How does folk culture differ from popular culture?

Folk culture is practiced by small, homogeneous groups in isolated rural areas, while popular culture exists in large, heterogeneous societies.

What is the rate of change for folk culture compared to popular culture?

Folk culture changes slowly over time, while popular culture evolves rapidly due to global connections.

What is a hearth in the context of culture?

A hearth is a center of innovation where culture originates.

How do the origins of folk culture differ from those of popular culture?

Folk culture often has anonymous origins with multiple hearths in isolated locations, while popular culture is traceable to specific individuals or corporations.

What is an example of the origin of popular culture?

Hip hop originated on August 11, 1973, at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, Bronx, New York.

How does folk culture diffuse compared to popular culture?

Folk culture diffuses slowly and is often limited to local areas, while popular culture diffuses rapidly through modern technology and global communication.

What is cultural homogenization?

Cultural homogenization is the process where the spread of popular culture threatens local traditions.

What factors influence the distribution of culture?

Factors include accessibility to technology and economic resources.

How do daily necessities vary by cultural group?

Daily necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter vary significantly across cultures.

What influences clothing styles in different cultures?

Clothing styles reflect cultural identity and social norms.

How do leisure activities differ across cultures?

Leisure activities encompass arts and recreation, varying significantly across cultures and reflecting cultural values.

What historical context contributed to the origins of hip hop?

Hip hop originated during a block party hosted by DJ Kool Herc in the Bronx, influenced by socio-economic conditions including gang violence and urban decay.

What role did DJ Kool Herc play in the development of hip hop?

DJ Kool Herc, born Clive Campbell, brought influences from Jamaican music and culture to the Bronx, shaping hip hop.

What themes does hip hop music address?

Hip hop reflects realities of urban life, addressing issues such as poverty, violence, and community.

How has hip hop evolved over time?

Hip hop has evolved to include various styles and sub-genres influenced by other musical forms like funk, jazz, and African folk music.

What has been the global impact of hip hop?

Hip hop's rise in popularity has led to its global diffusion, impacting music scenes in Europe, Asia, and Latin America.

What trend has been observed in hip hop sales in the U.S. since 2005?

There has been a decline in hip hop sales in the U.S. since 2005, indicating changing trends in music consumption.

How does folk culture primarily spread?

Folk culture spreads slowly and primarily through relocation diffusion, often tied to migration patterns.

What is the primary mechanism of diffusion for popular culture?

Popular culture spreads rapidly through hierarchical diffusion, facilitated by modern communication technologies.

Give an example of popular culture diffusion.

Western dance music, including techno and house, diffused from the U.S. to Europe in the late 20th century.

What did the study by P. Karan and Cotton Mather reveal about Himalayan folk culture?

It revealed distinct artistic customs among isolated cultural groups in the Himalayas, influenced by their environments.

What are the four religious groups studied in the Himalayan folk culture case?

Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims, and Southeast Asian folk religionists.

How does Buddhist art differ from Hindu art in the Himalayas?

Buddhist art often features idealized figures, while Hindu art reflects local scenes and climatic conditions.

What are the three classifications of cultural regions?

Cultural regions can be classified as vernacular, formal, or functional.

How do folk cultures compare to popular cultures in terms of geographic area?

Folk cultures typically occupy smaller geographic areas compared to popular cultures, which can span multiple countries.

What factors influence the distribution of popular culture?

The distribution of popular culture is less influenced by physical geography and more by economic factors, such as income levels and access to resources.

What is the impact of cultural interactions on folk customs?

Cultural interactions can lead to the adoption of various folk customs, blending musical styles.

What did Richard Florida observe about musicians in the music industry?

Musicians are more connected to global trends than to local folk traditions.

How do musician interconnections reflect globalization?

Musicians share more connections with performers of similar styles than with local artists of different genres, emphasizing the globalization of music.

What does Figure 4-9 illustrate about popular music?

It categorizes various music styles and their interconnections, showing how artists embody multiple styles.

How is Kanye West positioned in the context of music genres?

He is positioned at the intersection of hip hop and soul, illustrating his influence in both genres.

What does the baseball fan distribution map in Figure 4-7 reveal?

It highlights functional regions based on social media engagement, showing the geographical distribution of baseball fans in the U.S.

What demographic factors influence baseball fan loyalty?

Population density and cultural heritage influence fan loyalty.

What do time use surveys reveal about cultural differences?

They highlight significant variations in how different age groups engage with media, such as TV, reading, and gaming.

How do leisure activities differ between young Americans and young Pakistanis?

Young Americans are less likely to watch TV compared to older generations, while young Pakistanis show a preference for reading and socializing.

What is the significance of the concept of 'interchanges' in music styles?

It illustrates how artists bridge multiple genres and influence each other across borders.

What does the mapping technique used in Figure 4-9 reveal about cultural phenomena?

It can be applied to analyze interconnectedness in other cultural phenomena, such as fashion or art.

What role does music play in society according to the notes?

Music acts as a unifying force among diverse communities, reflecting broader societal trends.

What is the relationship between popular culture and economic factors?

Popular culture's distribution is more influenced by economic factors than by physical geography.

What does the concept of 'functional regions' refer to in the context of baseball fans?

Functional regions are defined by social media engagement and the geographical distribution of fan bases.

How do surveys inform cultural geographers?

They provide insights into lifestyle trends and shifts in societal values.

What is a characteristic of folk music?

Folk music is often anonymous, passed down orally, and reflects the daily lives and experiences of communities.

What historical significance does music have according to Chinese legend?

Music was invented in 2697 B.C., showcasing the ancient roots of musical traditions.

How do folk songs function in Vietnamese culture?

They serve as educational tools for agricultural practices and reflect local customs.

What are the primary entertainment forms that contributed to the emergence of popular music?

Music halls and vaudeville.

What distinguishes popular music from folk music?

Popular music is created for commercial purposes, aiming for mass appeal and often involves sophisticated technology and production techniques.

What historical development in the early 20th century influenced American music?

The emergence of the music industry in New York's Tin Pan Alley.

What impact did World War II have on music diffusion?

The Armed Forces Radio Network broadcast American music globally to soldiers and civilians.

Which city has the highest concentration of popular musicians, particularly in country and gospel genres?

Nashville.

How did the clustering of musicians in urban areas affect music?

It fostered collaboration and innovation across different musical styles.

What role does technology play in music consumption today?

It shapes consumption through the rise of streaming services and social media platforms.

Who are two influential artists mentioned in the context of American music?

Elvis Presley in rock and roll and Johnny Cash in country music.

What was the origin of soccer as a folk custom?

Soccer originated in England during the 11th century with obscure beginnings.

What was the earliest documented soccer match?

It involved villagers kicking a Danish soldier's head.

How did soccer transition into a popular sport in the 19th century?

The establishment of football clubs and the formation of the Football Association in 1863 standardized the rules.

What role did British expatriates play in soccer's global diffusion?

They were crucial in spreading soccer to continental Europe and the British Empire.

What is the significance of the World Cup in soccer?

It exemplifies soccer's global popularity, with national teams competing every four years.

How has television impacted the popularity of sports?

Television has popularized sports by breaking viewership records during major events like the World Cup.

What criteria emphasize participation in the Olympics?

Widespread practice across countries and continents.

How do folk sports typically differ from popular sports in terms of popularity?

Folk sports often have localized popularity and are tied to specific cultural groups, while popular sports achieve widespread popularity.

What is the cultural significance of lacrosse for the Iroquois people?

Lacrosse showcases cultural identity and has historical significance, symbolizing cultural pride.

How did baseball's introduction to Japan illustrate cultural exchange?

Baseball's subsequent popularity in Japan demonstrates the diffusion of sports through cultural exchange.

In what way can sports foster regional and cultural identities?

Sports can represent specific areas, as seen with Major League Baseball teams in the U.S.

What role does lacrosse play in the Iroquois Confederation?

Lacrosse serves as a symbol of cultural pride and allows participation in international competitions.

What are the distribution patterns of folk culture compared to popular culture?

Folk culture has anonymous origins and limited distribution, while popular culture originates from identifiable individuals and diffuses rapidly.

What defines material culture?

Material culture includes the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.

How does folk culture differ from popular culture in terms of origins?

Folk culture often has unknown or multiple origins, while popular culture is typically created by specific individuals or corporations.

What influences the diffusion of folk culture?

Folk culture is influenced by environmental conditions and typically diffuses slowly.

How does popular culture vary over time and place?

Popular culture tends to vary more in time than in place, leading to homogenization of cultural elements.

What factors affect access to popular culture?

Economic factors play a significant role, as individuals need sufficient income to acquire material possessions.

How is folk clothing influenced by environmental conditions?

Folk clothing reflects local climate and resources, such as wooden shoes in wet climates or fur-lined boots in cold regions.

What influences popular clothing styles?

Popular clothing styles are generally influenced by occupational needs rather than environmental factors.

How do media and global communication affect fashion trends?

They facilitate the rapid spread of fashion trends, leading to similar clothing styles across different regions.

What are folk food customs rooted in?

Folk food customs are deeply rooted in local traditions and utilize locally available ingredients.

How can popular food preferences lead to the decline of traditional customs?

The diffusion of popular food items, influenced by global trends and marketing, can overshadow traditional food customs.

What factors contribute to the popularity of convenience foods?

Economic factors and lifestyle changes, such as increased urbanization, contribute to the popularity of convenience foods.

How do folk housing styles adapt to their environment?

Folk housing styles utilize available materials and traditional building techniques suited to local environmental conditions.

What architectural materials are commonly used in Southwestern U.S. homes?

Adobe is commonly used in Southwestern U.S. homes.

How do folk houses reflect local conditions?

Folk houses are influenced by local climate, resources, cultural beliefs, and social structures.

What characterizes popular housing styles?

Popular housing styles tend to be uniform and influenced by architectural trends rather than local conditions.

What economic factors influence housing types?

Affordability and availability of land play significant roles in the types of housing built.

What is terroir in wine production?

Terroir refers to the unique environmental characteristics of a location that influence the quality of wine produced.

What environmental factors are key in wine production?

Climate, topography, and soil composition are key environmental factors affecting grape growth and wine characteristics.

What are ideal conditions for vineyards?

Ideal conditions include temperate climates with moderate rainfall and well-drained soils.

How have historical events influenced wine production?

The fall of the Roman Empire impacted wine production, but monasteries helped preserve the tradition during the Middle Ages.

What cultural factors influence clothing choices?

Religious beliefs and cultural traditions significantly shape clothing choices, such as the burqa and niqab worn by Muslim women.

What are examples of folk clothing that may clash with popular styles?

Traditional veiling in Southwest Asia can clash with Western-style clothing.

How does globalization affect clothing styles?

Globalization leads to a homogenization of clothing styles, making individuals in different regions dress similarly.

What role does income play in clothing choices?

Higher-income individuals often update their wardrobes to align with the latest fashion trends.

How has technology impacted the fashion industry?

Improved communication technologies have facilitated the rapid diffusion and reproduction of clothing styles.

What are the controversies surrounding face-covering garments in Europe?

Debates center around personal identity, security risks, and the infringement of religious freedoms.

How do cultural influences shape food preferences?

Food preferences are deeply rooted in cultural traditions and reflect social, religious, and ethnic identities.

What is the impact of cultural diffusion on clothing styles?

Cultural diffusion has led to the adoption of various clothing styles across different regions.

What is the significance of folk costumes in tourism?

Folk costumes persist for cultural identity and as a means to attract tourism.

How do popular clothing styles reflect occupational roles?

Popular clothing styles often align with occupational roles, such as suits for lawyers and casual attire for factory workers.

What is the effect of suburban developments on housing design?

Suburban developments lead to similar housing designs across regions, often lacking local character.