Bio Final

Independent Variable

The variable that is changed by the scientist

Dependent Variable

The variable that is changed during the experiment

Constants

Things that always stay the same in an experiment

Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed when an atom **"shares"** an electron with another atom

Ionic Bonds

Bonds formed when an atom **takes** an electron from another atom

Polar Molecule

A molecule which has some negatively charged parts and some positively charged parts

Polar

Is water polar or non-polar?

Carbohydrates

The carbon-based molecule that provides an **immediate energy source**

Proteins

The carbon-based molecule that builds tissue and takes care of things like the immune system and blood transportation

R Group

Where do amino acids differ?

Lipids

The carbon-based molecule that provides energy **once carbohydrates run out**

Nitrogen Base

Where do nucleic acids differ?

Nucleic Acid

The carbon-based molecule that **stores genetic info and builds proteins**

Dehydration Synthesis

The process in which **monomers are combined**, involving a water molecule leaving the substance

Hydrolysis

The process in which **polymers are separated**, involving a water molecule entering the substance

Enzyme

Things inside living organisms that **speed up chemical reactions**

Active Site

The place at which an enzyme and substrate meet

Substrate

The reactant broken down by enzymes

Products

The things made by a chemical reaction

Reactants

The things that go into a chemical reaction

Denaturing

The process in which enzymes lose their shape, usually by changes in temperature and pH

Phospholipid Double Layer

The main structure forming the cell membrane

Passive Transport

Allows molecules to move across the cell membrane without using energy

Diffusion

Movement of materials from areas of high to low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water molecules

Facilitated Diffusion

Larger molecules use this to diffuse through openings in the cell membrane formed by transfer proteins

Active Transport

Transporting a substance from an area of low to high concentration using energy

Fatty Acids & Glycerol

Building blocks of lipids

Nucleotides

Building blocks of nucleic acids, monomers for DNA or RNA

Concentration Gradient

Describes the concentration of molecules between areas

ATP

The type of energy used during active transport

Endocytosis

Moving large molecules **into** a cell by engulfing them into a membrane

Exocytosis

Moving large molecules **out** of a cell

Hypertonic

Solution has a higher concentration of dissolved solids, water moves out of the cell

Hypotonic

Solution has a lower concentration of dissolved solids, so water moves into the cell

Isotonic

Same concentration of dissolved materials in & out of the cell

Proteins

Transport proteins in the cell membrane are made of this

Nucleus

The organelle storing genetic information, or DNA

Mitochondria

The organelle that supplies energy to the cell

Golgi Apparatus

The organelle that packages, sorts, and delivers proteins

Chloroplast

The organelle that carries out photosynthesis

Vesicles

Membrane-bound sacs that transport materials around the cell

Lysosome

The organelle that contains enzymes that defend the cell and break down damaged parts of the cell

Vacuole

Fluid-filled sacs that store water and food molecules

Plants

Do plants or animals have larger vacuoles?

Animals

Do plants or animals have lysosomes?

Prokaryotic Cell

A cell only in **single-celled organisms**, with **no nucleus** or membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell found in **single- & multi-celled organisms**, with membrane-bound organelles

ATP

An energy carrying molecule containing an adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphates

Bonds between phosphates

ATP energy is stored in…

All Eukaryotes

What organisms use cellular respiration?

Light-Dependent Reaction

chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight, an electron gets excited and travels down electron transport chain, water molecules are broken, and hydrogen ions are energized as they move into the thylakoid membrane

NADPH, Oxygen, & ATP

Products of Light-Dependent Reactions

Chlorophyll

Light-absorbing pigments in the chloroplast

3 CO2 Molecules

The Calvin Cycle reactants

Glucose

The product of the Calvin Cycle

Stroma

The place the Calvin Cycle takes place in

Glycolysis

Glucose is split forming pyruvates

Krebs Cycle

The cellular respiration process making energy in the form of 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH2

ETC in Cellular Respiration

Oxygen enters and picks up electrons and hydrogen to make water and a total of 36 ATP molecules (38 including the two ATP from glycolysis)

2

The number of ATP made in Glycolysis

34

The number of ATP made in the ETC

2

The number of ATP made in the Krebs Cycle

Chemosynthesis

Used by deep-sea autotrophs instead of photosynthesis, using chemicals from hydrothermal vents

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP

Fermentation

The process allowing glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is not available

Lactic Acid

The product of fermentation in animals

NAD+

Fermentation converts NADH to this to continue glycolysis

G1, S, G2, M

Stages of the cell cycle

G1

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows and duplicates organelles

S

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell synthesizes DNA

G2

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell continues to grow, and is a critical checkpoint for the DNA

M

The stage of the cell cycle where the nucleus divides, creating two identical cells

Prokaryotic

Do prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells divide faster?

G0

Cells that do not go through mitosis

High

Is a low or high surface area-to-volume ratio better?

Makes transporting molecules more efficient

A high surface area-to-volume ratio does this

Chromosomes

Long continuous threads of DNA

46

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Histones

Proteins DNA wraps around

Chromatids

Tightly coiled chromosomes, shaped like half an X

Sister chromatids

Identical chromatids forming an X

Telomeres

"Caps" formed at the ends of chromatids to keep them together

Centromere

Holds together sister chromatids

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Order of mitosis

Prophase

The stage of mitosis in which DNA condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and centrioles move to poles and form spindle fibers

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis in which spindle fibers attach to each chromosome, which each line up along the cell equator (middle)

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis in which chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase

The stage of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane starts to form, chromosomes uncoil, and spindle fibers fall apart

Cytokinesis

The stage of mitosis in which animal and plant cells divide

Internal & external factors

What regulates cell division?

Physical & chemical factors

External factors that regulate cell division

Growth Factors

Chemical signals sent out by cells that tell surrounding cells to divide

Internal factors

External factors trigger _________ that affect cell cycle

Kinases & Cyclins

The two most important internal factors

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division

Tumor

Clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably

Benign Tumor

Non-cancerous tumors that remain clustered together and do not spread throughout the body