American History First Trimester Review 2021

Preamble to the Constitution

Introduction to the U.S. Constitution, establishing the goals and purposes of government

6 Years

Senators Term

2 Years

House of Representatives Term

4 Years

President's Term

Serve for Life

Supreme Court Justice Term

30

Age Requirement for Senator

25

Age Requirement for House of Representative

35

Age Requirement for President

100

How many total Senators are there?

435

How many total members of the House of Rep. are there?

President Pro Tempore

The official chair of the Senate; usually the most senior member of the majority party.

delegated powers

Are those specifically described and assigned in the U.S. Constitution.

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

538

Total Electoral Votes

270

Total Electoral Votes Needed to win the presidency

Constitution

A written plan of government

9 out of 13

Ratification of the Constitution

Columbian Exchange

a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds.

Proprietary Colony

colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written constitution in America

Royal Colony

A colony under the direct control of a monarch

Bread Colonies

Middle Colonies

Patrilineal

based on or tracing descent through the male line

Poor Richard's Almanac

a yearly almanac published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders" for this purpose.

Middle Passage

the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade.

Coffles

A group of slaves chained or roped together

Salutary Neglect

American history term that refers to the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British Crown policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England.

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade.

Fort Dusqusne 1755

Britain had dispatched troops to attack \_______ under the command of Major General Edward Braddock and was defeated.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended the French and Indian War

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

3rd Amendment

No quartering of soldiers

4th Amendment

Protection against Unreasonable Search and Seizure

5th Amendment

The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process

6th Amendment

Right to a speedy trial

7th Amendment

Right to a trial by jury in civil cases

8th Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

9th Amendment

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

10th Amendment

Powers Reserved to the States

Establishment Clause

First Amendment ban on laws "respecting an establishment of religion"

self-incrimination

testifying against oneself

Miranda Rights

A list of rights that police in the United States must read to suspects in custody before questioning them, pursuant to the Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona.

total number of Supreme Court Justices

9

Harvard

first college in America

Libel

A written defamation of a person's character, reputation, business, or property rights.

Triangle Trade

a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.

Mayflower Compact

the first governing document of Plymouth Colony

Impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

Ratify

(v.) to approve, give formal approval to, confirm

Engle v. Vitale

Mandatory prayer in schools is a violation of the establishment clause

Heller vs. DC

Supreme Court case where the court ruled that the 2nd Amendment confers an individual right to have firearms

Kyllo v. United States

Thermal imaging of a home constitutes a Fourth Amendment "search" and may be done only with a warrant.

Furhman v. Georgia

Declared the death penalty unconstitutional specifically due to the circumstances in which it was carried out

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Starving Time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Pocket Veto

president's power to kill a bill, if Congress is not in session, by not signing it for 10 days

Supreme Court

the highest federal court in the United States

Freedom of the Press

the right of journalists to publish the truth without restriction or penalty

Fort Pitt, Fort Duquesne

Fort Duquesne became one of the principal French outposts in the northern Ohio Valley, and, in 1754 the French troops in Fort Dusquesne destroyed nearby British Fort Necessity, after Washington and the colonial army surrendered it to them. The British rebuilt Fort Necessity as Fort Pitt in 1758.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Croaton

Word carved on a tree that was all that was found of the colony of Roanoke; also the local Native American tribe in the area

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Puritan work ethic

Work is a gift from God and a means of glorifying him

guilder

the basic monetary unit of the Netherlands

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

New England Colonies

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies under one government to defeat France.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

One of Jonathan Edwards' most famous sermons, which warned listeners of Hell

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land

Plains of Abraham

a field near Quebec; site of a major British victory over the French in the French and Indian War

Matrilineal

of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line

Battle of Great Meadows

First battle of French & Indian War - French surrounded George Washington's English troops at Ft. Necessity forcing its surrender after a 10 hour siege

Battle of Lake George

Battle in which a small group of colonists and Iroquois allies defeated an army of well-trained French soldiers; William Johnson was shot in hip, Hendrik was killed.

Battle of Fort William Henry

*French victory

*British were attacked by Native Americans as they withdrew from the area

Bloody Morning Scout

French ambush in British troops

Fort Frontenac

Captured by lt. colonel john Bradstreet; split French forces and cut off French communications with Montreal

Fort Ticonderoga

Was called Fort Carrilion

Stamp Act

raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Proclamtion of 1763

prevented colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

Sugar Act

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

Writs of Assistance

legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Sons of Liberty

A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution

Stamp Act Congress

held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed

Declatory Act

After parliament repealed the Stamp Act, the prime minister passed this act that confirmed parliamentary authority over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever"

Committes of Correspondence

an organization designed to spread news through the colonies about the causes of the revolution

Boston Massacre

incident in 1770 in which British troops fired on and killed American colonists

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Tea Act of 1773

Gave the East India Company an unfair business advantage over colonial merchants.

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

First Continental Congress

September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts

Second Continental Congress

Political authority that directed the struggle for independence beginning in 1775.

Lexington and Concord

"The Shot Heard Round the World"- The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts.Con