Encoding, Attention, and Working Memory Overview

Attention

Cognitive process focusing on specific sensory inputs.

Working Memory

Short-term information processing and manipulation.

Neural Mechanisms

Brain processes involved in encoding information.

Parietal Cortex

Processes sensory information from multiple sources.

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)

Region for executive functions and decision-making.

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

Links emotion processing with executive functions.

Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST)

Assesses abstract reasoning and cognitive flexibility.

Novelty Detection

Attention preferentially given to new stimuli.

Visual Paired Comparison Task (VPC)

Tests novelty perception in humans and primates.

Novel Object Recognition Task (NOR)

Evaluates novelty perception in rodents.

Perirhinal Cortex (PRC)

Important for novel object recognition and memory.

Change Blindness

Failure to notice changes in visual stimuli.

Selective Attention

Directing focus to relevant stimuli, ignoring others.

Inattentional Blindness

Failure to perceive unexpected stimuli.

Selective Inattention

Filtering out irrelevant information, can be adaptive.

Phonological Loop

Handles verbal information in working memory.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Stores and manipulates visual and spatial data.

Central Executive

Directs attention and coordinates cognitive tasks.

Episodic Buffer

Links memory with conscious awareness.

Encoding

Initial learning and processing of information.

Schemas

Organized concepts that enhance memory integration.

Techniques to Improve Encoding

Strategies to enhance information retention.

Organizing Information

Structuring material for better integration.

Using the Senses

Connecting sensory information for memory enhancement.

Focusing Attention

Minimizing distractions to aid working memory.

Conditioning

Developing expectations through repeated stimuli exposure.

Executive Functions

Cognitive processes for planning and decision-making.

Abstract Reasoning

Ability to think logically about abstract concepts.

Flexibility in Thinking

Adapting decision-making based on new information.

Memory Triage

Prioritizing information for attention and encoding.

Iconic Memory

Brief visual memory lasting milliseconds.

Stimulus Intensity

Strength of a stimulus affecting attention.

Personal Relevance

Importance of stimuli to the individual.

Cognitive Operations

Mental processes involved in thinking and understanding.

Neural Networks

Interconnected neurons processing information.

Association Areas

Brain regions integrating sensory information.

Emotional Processing

Interpreting and responding to emotional stimuli.

Decision-Making

Choosing between alternatives based on information.

Memory Consolidation

Stabilizing a memory after initial encoding.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

Temporary storage of information for immediate use.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Permanent storage of information over time.

Hierarchies and Outlines

Organizational tools for structuring information.

Sensory Memory

Initial brief storage of sensory information.