Intro to A&P Ch 1

macroscopic/gross anatomy

study of the structural features of the body without the use of a microscope

microscopic anatomy

study of the structural features of the body with the use of a microscope

anatomy

study of structure

physiology

study of function

levels of organization

chemicals, cells, tissue, organs, organ system, organism

chemical level

atoms come together to form molecules

cellular level

cells are the smallest unit of life

tissue level

group of two or more cells performing a specific function

organ level

group of two or more tissues performing a specific function

organ system level

a group of two or more organs performing a specific function

organism level

all organ systems in an organism’s body working together to sustain life

11 organ systems

integumentary, nervous, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, cardiovascular, muscular, skeletal, reproductive, urinary, lymphatic

integumentary system - function

protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature

integumentary system - organs/structure

cutaneous membrane, hair follicles, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, hypodermis

cutaneous membrane

epidermis, dermis

epidermis

covers surface, protects deeper tissues

dermis

nourishes epidermis, provides strength, contains glands

hair follicles

hairs, sebaceous glands

sebaceous glands

secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis

sweat glands

produce perspiration for evaporative cooling

nails

protect and stiffen distal tips of digits

hypodermis

stores lipids, attaches cutaneous membrane to deeper structures

skeletal system - function

provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells, contains 206 bones

skeletal system - organs/structure

bones, cartilage, joints, bone marrow

axial skeleton - structure

skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum and supporting cartilage/ligaments

appendicular skeleton - structure

limbs and supporting cartilage/ligaments

axial skeleton - function

protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of the thoracic cavity

appendicular skeleton - function

provides internal support and positioning of the limbs

bone marrow

primary cite of blood cell production, stores of energy in fat cells

muscular system - function

produces movement, provides support, generates heat

muscular system - organs/structure

skeletal muscles, tendons, aponeuroses

skeletal muscles - structure

axial muscles, appendicular muscles

skeletal muscles - function

provides skeletal movement, controls entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts + exits from digestive and urinary tracts

axial muscles

support and position axial skeleton

appendicular muscles

support, move, and brace limbs

tendons, aponeuroses

use forces of contraction to perform specific tasks

nervous system - function

directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

nervous system - organs/structure

CNS, PNS

CNS - structure

brain, spinal cord, special senses

CNS - function

acts as a control center for the nervous system, processes information, provides short-term control over activities of other systems

brain

controls both voluntary and involuntary functions, performs complex integrative functions

spinal cord

relays information to and from the brain, performs less integrative functions

special senses

provide sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste and equilibrium

PNS - function

links CNS with other systems and with sense organs

endocrine system - function

directs long-term changes in other organ systems with hormones

endocrine system - structure

pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads (ovaries, testes)

pineal gland - function

may control timing of reproduction and set circadian rythm

pineal gland - location

superior in position to all structures/organs of the endocrine system

pituitary gland - function

controls other endocrine glands, regulates growth and fluid balance

pituitary gland - location

intermediate to the eyebrows

thyroid gland - function

controls tissue metabolic rate, regulates calcium levels

thyroid gland - location

contralateral to the parathyroid gland (right)

parathyroid glands - function

regulates calcium

parathyroid glands - location

contralateral to the thyroid gland (left)

thymus - function

controls maturation of lymphocytes

thymus - location

posterior to the sternum

adrenal glands - function

adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity

adrenal glands - location

directly superior to the kidneys

kidneys - function

control red blood cell production, elevate blood pressure, assist in calcium homeostasis

kidneys - location

inferior to rib cage, contralateral to one another

pancreas - function

regulates blood glucose level

pancreas - location

dorsal to the stomach

gonads - structure

ovaries, testes

ovaries

support female sexual characteristics and reproductive functions

testes

support male sexual characteristics and reproductive functions

cardiovascular system - function

transports cells and dissolved materials, such as nutrients, hormones, wastes, and gases

cardiovascular system - organs/structure

heart, blood vessels, blood

blood vessels - structure

veins, arteries, capillaries

heart

propels blood, maintains blood pressure

arteries

carry blood from the heart to the capillaries

veins

returns blood from capillaries to the heart

capillaries

permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid

blood

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, delivers nutrients and hormones, removes waste, aids in defense against disease

lymphatic system - function

defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream

lymphatic system - organs/structure

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

lymphatic vessels

carry lymph and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system

lymph - make up

water and proteins

spleen

monitors circulating blood, engulfs pathogens and recycles red blood cells, stimulates immune response

thymus

controls development and maintenance of T cell lymphocytes

digestive system - function

processes food and absorbs nutrients

digestive system - organs/structure

oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine

oral cavity

works with associated structures (teeth, mouth) to break up food and pass food and liquids to pharynx

salivary glands

provides buffers and lubrication, produces enzymes that begin digestion

pharynx

conducts solid food and liquids to esophagus, chamber shared with respiratory tract

esophagus

delivers food to the stomach

stomach

secretes acids, enzymes, and hormones

small intestine

secretes digestive enzymes, buffers, and hormones, absorbs nutrients

liver

secretes bile, regulates nutrient composition of blood

gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile for release into small intestine

pancreas

secretes digestive enzymes and buffers, contains endocrine cells

large intestine

removes water from feces, stores waste

urinary system - function

eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes

urinary system - organs/structure

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

kidneys

form and concentrate urine, regulate blood pH and ion concentrations, perform endocrine functions

ureters

conduct urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

urinary bladder

stores urine for eventual elimination

urethra

conducts urine to exterior

female reproductive system - function

produces sex cells and hormones, supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth

female reproductive system - organs/structure

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia, mammary glands

ovaries

produce oocytes and hormones