Medical Terminology for Health Professions 8th edition, Chapter 13

acr/o

prefix: extremities

adren/o

prefix: adrenal glands

crin/o

prefix: secrete

-dipsia

suffix: thirst

glyc/o

prefix: glucose, sugar

gonad/o

prefix: gonad, sex glands

-ism

suffix: condition, state of

pancreat/o

prefix: pancreas

parathyroid/o

prefix: parathyroid glands

pineal/o

prefix: pineal gland

pituitar/o

prefix: pituitary gland

poly-

prefix: many

somat/o

prefix: body

thym/o

prefix: thymus gland

thyr/o, thyroid/o

prefixes: thyroid gland

acromegaly

condition characterized by overgrowth of bone and soft tissues, especially in the hands, feet, and face, caused by excessive growth hormone

Addison’s disease

disorder in which the adrenal glands don’t produce enough hormones, leading to fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, and low BP

adrenalitis

inflammation of the adrenal glands

aldosteronism

a condition in which too much aldosterone is produced, causing retention of sodium and water, leading to high BP

antidiuretic hormone

hormone that controls how much water the kidneys reabsorb

calcitonin

hormone from the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown

corticosteroids

anti-inflammatory medications used to treat various conditions like rashes, asthma, and autoimmune disease, they work by suppressing the immune system

cortisol

steroid hormone that regulates metabolism, immune response, and the body’s response to stress

cretinism

a condition of stunted physical and mental growth from a thyroid deficiency, caused by iodine deficiency during pregnancy

Cushing’s syndrome

condition caused by prolonged exposure to cortisol, leading to a round face, a hump between the shoulders, and type 2 diabetes

diabetes insipidus

a condition in which the kidneys cannot conserve water, leading to excessive thirst and frequent urination, unrelated to blood sugar, signals a problem with vasopressin or ADH

diabetes mellitus

a group of diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels, resulting from the body’s inability to produce enough insulin or respond normally to insulin

diabetic ketoacidosis

a complication of diabetes that occurs when blood becomes very acidic due to high concentrations of ketones

diabetic retinopathy

an eye disease caused by high blood sugar that damages blood vessels in the retina

electrolytes

the ionized or ionizable constituents of a living cell, or a substance that conducts electricity, including things like salt

epinephrine

a naturally occurring hormone that is present in the fight-or-flight response, also called adrenaline

estrogen

a group of hormones produced by the ovaries that regulate the menstrual cycle, sexual characteristics, and reproductive development

exophthalmos

abnormal anterior protrusion of the eyeball or eyeballs

follicle-stimulating hormone

hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary that promotes formation of ova or sperm

fructosamine test

blood examination that measures average blood sugar levels by assessing how much glucose binds to proteins

gestational diabetes mellitus

a type of glucose intolerance that occurs during pregnancy due to placental hormones causing insulin resistance

gigantism

a conditions causing excessive growth due to excessive levels of growth hormone, often due to a benign tumor on the pituitary gland

glucagon

a hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels by signaling the liver to release glucose

glucose

a simple sugar that is the body’s primary energy source, derived from carbohydrates

Graves’ disease

a swelling of the neck and protrusion of the eyes resulting from an overactive thyroid gland

growth hormone

hormone that stimulates normal growth and maintenance of healthy body structure

gynecomastia

enlargement of a man’s breasts, often due to a hormone imbalance

Hashimoto’s disease

an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to chronic inflammation and an underactive thyroid

hypercalcemia

a condition in which there is excessive calcium in the blood

hyperglycemia

an excess of blood glucose

hyperinsulinism

excessive production of insulin, leading to severe hypoglycemia

hyperpituitarism

a condition in which the pituitary gland overproduces one or more hormones, often due to a benign tumor

hyperthyroidism

excessive production of thyroid hormone

hypoglycemia

abnormally low blood glucose levels, less than 70 mg/dL

hypothyroidism

abnormally low activity of the thyroid gland, resulting in slow growth

insulin

a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose by allowing it to enter cells

insulinoma

a pancreatic tumor that produces excessive insulin, causing hypoglycemia

ketosis

metabolic state in which the body burns fat instead of carbohydrates, leading to increased ketones in the blood

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

a procedure to remove the adrenal gland through small incisions

leptin

a hormone produced by fat cells that helps to regulate energy balance, appetite, and weight, signaling that you are full

luteinizing hormone

a hormone produced by the pituitary that triggers reproductive processes such as ovulation and sperm production

myxedema

severe form of hypothyroidism in which a buildup of mucopolysaccharides causes swelling and thick, dry skin, as well as slowed organ function

norepinephrine

a chemical that acts as a neurotransmitter and a hormone, regulating stress, mood, and focus, preparing for fight-or-flight responses by increasing HR and BP

oxytocin

hormone produced in the hypothalamus that is related to social bonding, reproduction, childbirth, also called the love hormone

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

parathyroidectomy

surgical removal of the parathyroid gland(s)

pituitary adenoma

a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland

polydipsia

excessive thirst

polyphagia

excessive, insatiable hunger, even after eating

polyuria

excessive production of urine

prediabetes

a condition in which blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis

progesterone

a hormone involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation, thickening the uterine lining

prolactinoma

a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland leading to an overproduction of prolactin

puberty

a process of physical and emotional changes leading to sexual maturity

radioactive iodine treatment

medical therapy using iodine to destroy thyroid cells, used for thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism

steroids

drugs that reduce swelling and suppress the immune system, or to increase testosterone

testosterone

hormone produced in the testicles, promotes male characteristics like muscle mass, bone density, and sex drive

thymectomy

surgical removal of the thymus

thymosin

a family of hormones secreted by the thymus that regulate the immune system

thyroxine

main hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism, heart function, and brain development, also called T4