Unit 1 (Simplified) - AP Biology: Functional Groups Chart

Hydroxyl Molecular Formula

-OH

Carbonyl Molecular Formula

-CO

Carboxyl Molecular Formula

-COOH

Amino Molecular Formula

-NH₂

Sulfhydryl Molecular Formula

-SH

Phosphate Molecular Formula

-OPO₃^2-

Methyl Molecular Formula

-CH₃

Name of Compounds: Hydroxyl

Alcohols

Name of Compounds: Carbonyl

Aldehydes, keytones

Name of Compounds: Corboxyl

Carboxylic Acid

Name of Compounds: Amino

Amines

Name of Compounds: Sulfhydryl

Thioles

Name of Compounds: Phosphate

Organic Phosphate

Name of Compounds: Methyl

Methylated compound

Characteristics/Functional Properties: Hydroxyl

Polar, forms H-bonds with H2O, helps dissolve compounds in water

Characteristics/Functional Properties: Carbonyl

Found in sugars

Characteristics/Functional Properties: Carboxyl

Acts as an acid,

Characteristics/Functional Properties: Amino

Acts as a base

Characteristics/Functional Properties: Sulfhydryl

Two -SH groups react to form a “cross-link” — helps stabilize protein structure

Characteristics/Functional Properties: Phosphate

Contributes (-) change - confers the ability to react w/ H2O

Characteristics/Functional Properties: Methyl

Affects expression of genes, affects shape & function of male/female sex hormones

Example of Hydroxyl

Ethanol

Example of Carbonyl

Acetone

Example of Carboxyl

Acetic Acid

Examples of Amino

Glycine

Examples of Sulfhydryl

Cysteine

Examples of Phosphate

Glycerol Phosphate

Examples of Methyl

Cytosine