Digestive System

Cement

________ is another bone- like structure covering and fixing the root in position.

Canines

________ are one on either side of the incisors in each jaw.

Premolars

________ are two on each side of each jaw next to the canines.

Gastric juice

________ is secreted by the inner lining of the stomach.

Moistens

________ and lubricates food which again helps in swallowing food.

Molars

________ are the last three teeth on each side of each jaw.

bony socket

The ________ is a slight constriction between the root and the crown.

tongue presses

The ________ upward and back against the roof (palate) of the mouth and this forces the bolus (the ball of chewed food) into the throat or the pharynx.

Enamel

________ or the "ivory "is the material that covers the crown.

small intestine

The ________ serves both for digestion and absorption.

Peristalsis

________ is the wave of constrictions caused by the circular muscles of the gut pushing the food along.

Urea

________ is eliminated through excretion and sugar is utilized in metabolism.

largest gland

The liver is the ________ of the body weighing about 1500 gm on an average.

blood capillaries

It consists of ________, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers which are continuous below those of the body through the opening of the pulp cavity at the base of the root.

Invertase

________ (or sucrase) to split sucrose into glucose and fructose.

Steapsin

________ which acts on emulsified fats to split them into fatty acids and glycerol.

alimentary canal

The ________ is a muscular tube that starts with the mouth and ends at the anus.

premolar

Each ________ has two hill- like projections or cusps on its surface, and hence is known as a bicuspid.

general characteristics

There are hundreds of enzymes in addition to those involved in digestion, but the ________ of all enzymes are the same.

larynx

The ________ " (voice box) "which is located at the entrance of the windpipe is pulled upward to bring it close to the back of the tongue when a flap called the epiglottis closes its opening.

mucus

The ________ secreted by all the regions of the gut is a slimy fluid that lubricates the food.

large intestine

The ________ secretes no enzyme.

lymph vessel

Inside the villus are contained an artery, a vein, inter- connecting blood capillaries, and a(n) ________ called a lacteal.

stomach

The ________ is an elastic bag located below the diaphragm.

Ducts

________ from each gland transport the secreted saliva into the mouth.

pancreatic juice

The ________ in the duodenum and its own walls secrete the intestinal.

fibrinogen

It produces ________ and prothrombin which are used in blood clotting.

slow movement of food

It is narrow for the ________ allowing absorption.

Saliva

________ is a very slightly acidic (pH 6.8) fluid containing water (about 99 %), salts, mucus, and an enzyme salivary amylase (also called ptyalin)

reddish brown

It is a(n) ________ organ located in the upper right side of the abdomen just below the diaphragm.

Amylopsin

________: (pancreatic amylase) digests leftover starch into maltose.

Dryness

________ in the mouth (due to less water in saliva), gives a feeling of thirst to replenish body water.

villi

Between the ________ are small holes through which the intestinal juice secreted by its glandular cells is poured into the lumen of the intestine.

Pulp

________ is the soft connective tissue contained in the central space (________ cavity) of the tooth.

Jejunum

________ "means empty because it is nearly always empty after death as found in dissections or in post- mortems .)

Bile salts

________ reduce the surface tension of fats and break them into tiny droplets (emulsification) for providing greater surface area for the action of enzymes.

hardest substance

It is the ________ in the body.

Erepsin

________ (peptidases) to convert remaining peptides into amino acids.

anus

The ________ has circular muscles (sphincters) to keep it closed except when passing bowels.

biliverdin

The colour of the bile is due to certain pigments (________ and bilirubin) produced by the breakdown of the dead and worn- out red blood cells.

Duodenum

________: Short upper part next to the stomach.

wisdom

The ________ tooth falls out as a result of its roots being dissolved away in the jaw and being completely replaced by permanent teeth.

Incisors

________ are the four front teeth in the center of each jaw.

fatty acids

The ________ and glycerol are absorbed into the lymph vessel or the lacteal to enter the lymphatic system which forms a network all over the body to ultimately empty its contents into the blood stream.

amino acids

The ________ and the simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose) have relatively small- sized molecules which are absorbed through the thin epithelium of the villi and reach their blood capillaries to finally enter the blood circulation first to reach the liver through the hepatic portal vein.

bone

It is harder than ________ but not as much as enamel.

Trypsin

________ is first secreted as inactive trypsinogen which is activated to ________ by an enzyme, enterokinase (also called enteropeptidase), secreted by the inner lining of the duodenum.

single cell

Each villus is covered by a(n) ________ thick epithelium.

Enzymes

________ play a key role in the digestion of food taken in.

mouth

The ________ or the mouth cavity is the space where the food is chewed and mixed with saliva.

Certain foods, like cane

sugar are already soluble in water, but they require a breaking down of their molecules into smaller units so that they could pass through the cell membranes of the wall of the gut

The dentition has a very special role

they cut and break the food into smaller bits

Duodenum

Short upper part next to the stomach

two deni

ten)

Jejunum

   Next short region of about 2 meters

Ileum

About 4 meters

Amylopsin

(pancreatic amylase) digests leftover starch into maltose

From its blind end projects a narrow worm

shaped tube called vermiform appendix (when inflamed it causes appendicitis) and today it is a functionless (vestigial) organ

Controlling blood sugar levels

It regulates blood sugar by retaining excess glucose received as products of carbohydrate digestion from the intestine and storing it as glycogen, and releasing it again when needed

Controlling amino acid levels

Excess amino acids are broken to remove the nitrogen part (deamination) producing urea and sugar

Synthesis of foetal red blood cells

It produces red blood cells in embryo