U2 CSP Vocab

**Internet**

a computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (non-proprietary) communication protocols.

**Bandwidth**

the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.

**Computing Device**

a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors

**Computing Network**

a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

**IP Address**

The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.

**Internet Protocol (IP)**

a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device

**Open Protocol**

The protocols used in the Internet are open, which allows users to easily connect additional computing devices to the Internet.

**Path**

the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.

**Protocol:**

An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of a system

**Router**

A type of computer that forwards data across a network

**Routing**

the process of finding a path from sender to receiver.

**Redundancy**

the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network

**Fault Tolerant**

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.

**Data Stream**

contains chunks of data, which are encapsulated in packets. Information is passed through the Internet as a data stream.

**Packet**

A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all.\`

**Packet Metadata**

Data added to packets to help route them through the network and reassemble the original message.

**Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)**

A protocol for sending packets that does error-checking to ensure all packets are received and properly ordered

**User Datagram Protocol (UDP)**

A protocol for sending packets quickly with minimal error-checking and no resending of dropped packets

**HTTP:** HyperText Transfer Protocol

the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet

**World Wide Web**

a system of linked pages, programs, and files.

**Scalability**

the capacity for the system to change in size and scale to meet new demands; the Internet was designed to be scalable.

**Sequential computing**:

 a computational model in which operations are performed in order one at a time.

**Parallel computing**

a computational model where the program is broken into multiple smaller sequential computing operations, some of which are performed simultaneously.

**Distributed computing**

a computational model in which multiple devices are used to run a program.

**Speedup of a parallel solution**

measured in the time it took to complete the task sequentially divided by the time it took to complete the task when done in parallel.