redox reactions

What are redox reactions?

Redox reactions (or oxidation–reduction reactions) are electron-transfer reactions.

How does electron transfer occur?

Electron transfer occurs to form ions or without formation of ionic compounds.

What happens to electrons in redox reactions?

Electrons are neither created nor destroyed; they are transferred from the species being oxidized to the species being reduced.

Define oxidation.

Oxidation is an increase in oxidation state (loss of electrons).

Define reduction.

Reduction is a decrease in oxidation state (gain of electrons).

Define oxidizing agent.

An oxidizing agent is the electron acceptor; it decreases its oxidation state.

Define reducing agent.

A reducing agent is the electron donor; it increases its oxidation state.

What happens to agents in redox reactions?

An oxidizing agent is reduced and a reducing agent is oxidized.

What is the mnemonic OIL RIG?

Oxidation Involves Loss; Reduction Involves Gain.

Oxidation state of an individual atom?

0.

Total oxidation state in a neutral species?

0.

Total oxidation state in an ion?

Equal to the ion charge.

Oxidation state of Group 1 metals?

+1.

Oxidation state of Group 2 metals?

+2.

Oxidation state of fluorine?

−1 in compounds.

Oxidation state of hydrogen?

+1 in compounds.

Oxidation state of oxygen?

−2 in compounds.

Oxidation states in binary metal compounds?

Group 17: −1; Group 16: −2; Group 15: −3.

Define galvanic cell.

Experimental apparatus for generating electricity using a spontaneous reaction.

What happens when oxidizing and reducing agents are separated?

Electron transfer occurs through an external wire.

What does electron flow generate?

A constant flow of electricity.

What are electrodes?

The zinc and copper bars.

What is the Daniell cell?

Specific arrangement using Zn/ZnSO4 and Cu/CuSO4 half-cells.

Define anode.

Electrode where oxi