IB History Test Review

European History, Russian History

Bloodless Revolution (Glorious Revolution)

Led by Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin - key moment in the larger Russian Revolution

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in WWI (1918).

"War Communism"

Implementation of economic and government policy by force during the Russian civil war

New Economic Policy (1921)

An effort to appease the peasantry by encouraging peasants to bring crops to market.

These efforts restored several aspects of the capitalist economy.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1923

Lenin's creation of a federal state that resembled the United States on paper only. The reality was that the Russian republic had more power than the rest of the states represented.

Third International (Comintern)

The creation of a new international brand of communism that closely associated itself with Russian bolshevism and Lenin's brand of discipline.

Italian "marxism"

Most powerful party after WWI - did not closely resemble Lenin's communism

Bela Kun

A Hungarian communist leader - his decision to nationalize land estates instead of distributing it to the peasantry made him unpopular. Eventually leading to his downfall.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolshevik Party, leader of the Russian Revolution, and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Wilson's Fourteen Points

This is the plan for post-World War I outlined by President Wilson in 1918. This plan called for self-determination (countries in Africa and Asia govern themselves), freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Wilson's misunderstandings (after WWI)

Did not realize democracy had not existed and was unfamiliar.

Self-determination was the key to success.

There was not an assurity that democracy and nationalism should go together/that it was the best way forward.

Wilson attempted to play the neutral third party, but he was not capable of understanding the complexity of the European problem

Wilson viewed it as "a war to make the world safe for democracy" .Europeans saw it as a war of national interest.

Thomas Masaryk and Eduard Benes

Czechoslovakian national spokesman after WWI. Achieved recognition for Czechoslovakia as an independent nation.

Stab in the Back Myth (Dolchstosslegende)

Myth that claimed the German civilians (Jews) had sabotaged the German army during WWI

Paris Peace Conference

Determined the stipulations of several treaties following WWI.

Georges Clemencau

prime minister of France who attended the Paris Peace Conference and wanted a very harsh punishment for Germany.

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I. Prisoner to nationalistic and colonial supporters during Paris Peace Conference.

"The Big Four" (Paris Peace Conference)

David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Emmanuelle Orlando (Italy), and Woodrow Wilson (USA)

Rhineland Decision (Paris Peace Conference)

An agreement was reached for military occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years and for Britain and the US to come to the aid of France if the Germans attacked.

Guilt Clause (Treaty of Versailles)

Germany had to accept blame for the war and pay reparations for the cost of war.

Reparations (Treaty of Versailles)

Germany was forced to pay for all war damages. ($5 billion)

Military Restrictions (Treaty of Versailles)

15 year occupation of rhineland.

Demilitarization of a 30 mile wide zone on the Eastern bank of the rhine.

No construction of offensive weapons (airplanes, submarines, etc.).

Limited German army to 100,000 men.

Naval cap as well with a surrender of sections of the German fleet.

Polish Corridor (Danzig)

Path to the sea for Poland.

Split Germany in two, separating east Prussia from the rest of Germany.

Danzig became a free city under the supervision of the League instead of part of the Polish corridor.

Treaty of Trianon

Deprived Hungary of ⅔ of its size and left ⅓ of all ethnic Hungarians outside its borders.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Treaty that ended World War I; it was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired.

Treaty of Saint-Germain

Ended war for Austria-Hungary. Left Czechoslovakia ethnic Germans in the Sudetenland

Treaty of Neuilly

Contracted Bulgarian borders

Treaty of Sevres

Abolished Ottoman empire. Ratified liberation of Arabic states, Turkish nationalists quickly rebelled after it was signed.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

Returned all of Turkish territory around Asia Minor and Constantinople, reversing the treaty of Sevres.

German inflation after World War I

Caused by Germany defaulting on their payments to France and beginning to print money.

Ruhr Crisis

1922-1923. Germany announced they couldn't pay their reparations, France invades the Ruhr Valley to collect reparations (leads to Germany printing money causing hyperinflation)

Dawes Plan (1924)

This loan program was crafted to give money to Germany so that they could pay war reparations and lessen the financial crisis in Europe; Began German dependence on US capital, the program ended with the 1929 stock market crash.

Aristide Briand

French foreign minister devoted to peace

Gustav Stresemann

German Foreign Minister during the Weimar Republic's most successful stretch. Worked with France to ensure post WWI peace.

Locarno Treaty (1925)

Pact that secured the frontier between Germany and France and Germany and Belgium. Germany was admitted to the League of Nations.

Young Plan

(1929) Schedule that set limits to Germany's reparation payments and reduced the agreed-on time for occupation of the Ruhr.

Kellog-Briand Pact

Idealistic agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another.

Obsolescence of Liberalism (post WWI)

Liberals could not square colonial government with the idea of democratic principles, largely fell out of power.

Mussolini - Corporate State

Replaced the italian republic with a corporatist state a political system in which the economy was collectively managed by employers, workers and state officials by formal mechanisms at the national level.

Black Thursday

October 24, 1929; stock market crashes and 16 million shares are sold that day in panic. Short term loans given to Germany and Austria called in.

Conservative response to Great Depression.

Deflation - cut spending in government due to loss of tax revenue.

Liberal Response to Great Depression

Inflation - borrow money, increase spending, creation of new jobs, and protectionist tarriffs.

German election of 1932

Hitler received 37% of German national vote.

Franz von Papen

conservative who negotiated with Hindenburg to have Hitler appointed chancellor, believed he could control him.

Engelbert Dolfus

Austrian chancellor, steered Austria towards Facism and German adoption.

The "dole"

British unemployment benefits during the great depression.

National Government - MacDonald/Baldwin

British coalition government during the Great Depression. Muddled through without any clear leadership. Tories (conservatives) held all the real power.

Ramsay Macdonald

Prime Minister, leader of labour party of Britain during The Great Depression, made Moderate Reforms for workers, healthcare, retirement, welfare programs

Stanley Baldwin

Conservative British prime minister between wars

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Raymond Poincare

French Prime Minister saved the value of the Franc, brought more "serious leadership"

Popular Front

A government of all left-wing parties that took power in France in 1936 to enact social and economic reforms.

The Middle Way (Scandinavia)

A balance between socialism and free enterprise. Growth of trade unions, ensured full employment, and built new public housing.

Fascist Ideology

No clear ideology. Economic policy that aided large capital. Radicalism on the right. Intense nationalism caused by youth and an obedience to a charismatic leader.

Reasons for Italian disappointment after WWI.

Italian public felt the government had betrayed them, by not receiving enough from the paris peace conference

Government leaders proved ineffective.

Fascist tactics - Italy

Beat up socialists, trade unionists, and members of the popular (catholic) party. Burned and looted buildings, and prevented Bolshevik organization.

Blackshirts

A Militia of volunteers who followed Mussolini and controlled much of the northern countryside

Mussolini's March on Rome

was a propaganda event that intended to portray Mussolini as a powerful military ruler by taking a city already given to him.

Giacome Matteotti Murder

Italian socialist deputy murdered on fascist orders. The remaining deputies in the government left shortly after.

Palazzo Vidoni Pact

Regulated relations between fascism and Italian industry. Gave industry a privileged position in exchange for support.

Lateran Treaty of 1929

Established Vatican City as an independent state, made Church a part of Italian education, and aligned Italian marriage law with church.

Beer Hall Putsch

In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.

Mein Kampf

Influential book Written by Adolf Hitler describing his life and ideology. Translates to "My Struggle"

Nazi Storm Troopers (Brownshirts/Sturmabateilung)

Paid nazi militia, fiercely loyal.

Gleichschaltung (coordination)

The process for turning Germany into a single party state.

Reichstag Fire

Gave Hitler an excuse to crack down on the communists and suspend constitutional guarantees of individual liberty.

Used this position to mount a propaganda campaign and allow storm troopers to run unchecked.

Enabling Act

Allowed the Reich government to issue laws without the consent of Germany's parliament, laying the foundation for the complete Nazification of German society.

Night of the Long Knives

Hitler got rid of members of the Nazi party who had deviated to far to the right or left.

Meant to destroy the independent power of the storm troopers.

Schutzstaffel (SS)

special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925

Gestapo

Nazi secret police

Nuremberg Laws 1935

stripped Jews of their German citizenship, jobs, and property

Labor Front (Strength Through Joy)

Provided free holidays to workers and excursions into the country in an attempt to boost worker morale in lieu of pay raises.

Kurt Schuschnigg / Fatherland Front

Austrian prime minister, kept Austria from German hands. Protected by the threat of Italian Resistance until the alliance of Italy and Germany.

Fascism in Germany

The positions of anyone other than Hitler was precarious, church, business, and the army must follow Hitler toward the end as he held complete control.

Created concentration camps, incredibly cruel.

True believers in their cause.

Fascism in Italy

King continued to exist and provided an alternative symbol of loyalty.

Dependent on the conservative elements of society to keep Mussolini in power.

Not as cruel as hitler.

Did not have true believers "time servers and profiteers".

Fascist Control of Society

Bolster elites and suppress the working class.

Conservative regime in revolutionary clothing.

Superimposed fascist structure on existing societies.

Left certain structures in place unlike the Russians.

Business Support of Fascism

Frightened of losing their property to the rising tide of marxism

To business democracy = socialism something they did not want.