Chap 8 Measuring Intelligence and Language Acquisition

These flashcards cover critical concepts from the lecture on measuring intelligence, language acquisition, and problem-solving strategies.

Who launched modern intelligence testing in 1905?

Binet.

What scale did Terman revise in 1916?

The Binet scale, producing the Stanford-Binet.

What concept did the Stanford-Binet intelligence test introduce?

The intelligence quotient (IQ).

What did Wechsler publish in 1939?

An improved measure of intelligence for adults, introducing the deviation IQ score.

What do modern deviation IQ scores indicate?

Where people fall in the normal distribution for their age.

How reliable are intelligence tests generally?

They tend to have very high reliability.

What type of intelligence do IQ tests mainly measure?

Academic/verbal intelligence.

Do IQ scores correlate with occupational attainment?

Yes, but there are doubts about predicting specific occupational performance.

Where are IQ tests not widely used?

In most non-Western cultures.

What do twin studies suggest about intelligence?

Identical twins are more similar in intelligence than fraternal twins.

What is the heritability ratio?

An estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population determined by genetic variations.

What is the estimated heritability of intelligence?

Ranges from 40% to 80%, mostly around 50%.

According to adoption studies, whom do adopted children resemble in intelligence?

Their biological parents.

What does the Flynn effect describe?

The increase in performance on IQ tests over generations.

What is functional fixedness?

The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.

What is the reaction range model?

It posits that heredity sets limits to one's intelligence, influenced by the environment.

Do cultural differences in IQ scores suggest heredity as a primary factor?

Some argue so, but many believe they are due to environmental origins.

What does Sternberg's theory emphasize about intelligence?

The need to understand how people use their intelligence.

What are the three facets of successful intelligence according to Sternberg?

Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

How many types of abilities does Gardner argue should be considered for intelligence?

Eight types of abilities.

What relationship does creativity have with intelligence?

The association between them is weak.

What is the gambler's fallacy?

The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently.

What influences people’s overestimation of improbable events?

The availability heuristic.

How does Skinner's view explain language acquisition?

Through imitation, reinforcement, and learning experience.

What do nativists believe about language acquisition?

Humans are neurologically prewired to quickly acquire language rules.

What do interactionist theories propose about language development?

A combination of innate predisposition and supportive environment.

What is one potential disadvantage of bilingualism?

A slight handicap in processing speed.

According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis, what shapes thought?

One's language.

What types of problems did Greeno distinguish?

Problems of inducing structure, arrangement, and transformation.

What is a common barrier to problem solving?

Distraction by irrelevant information.

What is a heuristic in problem solving?

A rule of thumb or mental shortcut used to solve problems.

What occurs during the incubation effect?

Taking a break from a problem can enhance problem-solving efforts.

What cognitive style is observed in Eastern cultures?

A more holistic cognitive style.

What is the availability heuristic?

Estimating the probability of an event based on how easily relevant instances come to mind.

What fallacy involves estimating the odds of two uncertain events happening together?

The conjunction fallacy.

What do dual-process theories assert?

People rely on both quick, intuitive thinking and slower, controlled thinking.

Who argues that humans seem irrational due to traditional cognitive questions?

Evolutionary psychologists.

What does Schwartz argue people suffer from in modern societies?

Choice overload.

What does Simon's theory of bounded rationality describe?

People use simple strategies that can yield seemingly irrational results.