Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Heterotrophs and autotrophs

2 types of organisms and how they get their food

heterotrophs

cannot produce their own food

carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, decomposer

4 main types of heterotrophs

autotrophs

can produce their own food

photosynthesis

A process in which light energy, water, and carbon dioxide are used to create glucose for energy

phototrophs and chemotrophs

2 types of autotrophs

chemotrophs

use chemicals to make food

phototrophs

type of autotroph that uses light to create food

chloroplasts

where photosynthesis occurs

cuticle

waxy, waterproof substance produced by epidermal cells from above ground parts of plants, preventing damage and water loss by evaporation

upper epidermis

outer layer of skin that consist of tightly packed cells, it protects and prevents water loss

palisade mesophyll

a layer of cells under the top of the leaf that carries out photosynthesis. It also allows gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen to move

spongy mesophyll

a layer of cells with air spaces between them located below the palisade mesophyll in and out of the leaf, helping with photosynthesis and respiration

vein

made up of vascular tissue looking like a thin tube. Transports water, minerals, and food throughout the plant for growth and survival

lower epidermis

thin layer of cells at the bottom of the leaf. Protects the leaf and allows gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen to pass in and out through small openings called stomata

guard cells

bean-shaped cells in the epidermis. It swells and shrinks by osmosis to open and close

stomates

tiny openings on the surface of a leaf mostly on the lower epidermis. Controls the exchange of gases, such as letting in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen and water vapor

chlorophyll

what makes leaves green and absorbs the sunlight for photosynthesis

outer and inner membrane

2 membranes of the chloroplast

thylakoid

contains the chlorophyll

granum

a group of thylakoids

stroma

space around the thylakoids

chlorophyll A and B

2 types of chlorophyll

accessory pigments

other pigments that are present in the leaf

carotenoids

orange/red pigment in the leaf

xanthophylls

yellow/brown pigment in the leaf

chlorophyll breakdown

the cause for leaf color change in the fall

blue and red

color that chlorophyll best absorbs

green

color that chlorophyll absorbs the worst

absorbance spectrum

how efficient light is absorbed by pigments

light-dependent reactions

reaction that requires light for photosynthesis

light-independent reaction

reaction that takes place in the stroma in photosynthesis

adenosine triphosphate

ATP

adenosine diphosphate

ADP

light and water

ingredients needed for light-dependent reactions

carbon dioxide

ingredients needed for light-independent reaction

oxygen

what light-dependent reaction makes

glucose

what light-independent reaction makes

Calvin cycle

another name for light independent reaction

amount of sun, temp, water, carbon dioxide

factors that affect photosynthesis

cellular respiration

process where cells breaks down organic compounds to produce energy

convert food to ATP

purpose of cellular respiration

1 adenine, 1 ribose, 3 phosphates

structure of ATP

1 adenine, 1 ribose, 2 phosphates

structure of ADP

breaking the bond from the last 2 phosphates in ATP

how to get energy from ATP

less

energy in ADP compared to ATP

aerobic and anaerobic respiration

2 types of cellular respiration

mitochondria

where do aerobic respiration take place

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

3 stages of aerobic cellular respiration

cytoplasm

where does glycolysis take place

glycolysis

the process when a molecule of glucose gets split in half

pyruvic acid

a 3-carbon molecule

carbon dioxide, water, ATP

product of aerobic respiration

36

how much ATP is produced from aerobic respiration

2

how much ATP is produced from anaerobic respiration

cytoplasm

where anaerobic respiration takes place

alcohol and lactic acid fermentation

2 types of anaerobic respiration

yeast and bacteria

organisms that do alcohol fermentation

carbon dioxide, ethanol, 2 ATP

products of alcohol fermentation

glucose

ingredient alcohol fermentation needs

bacteria and muscle cells

organisms that do lactic acid fermentation

glucose

ingredients lactic acid fermentation needs

water, carbon dioxide, 2 ATP, lactic acid

products of lactic acid fermentation

fermenting foods and preserving food

applications of lactic acid fermentation in food