APUSH FINAL REVIEW AP EXAM SET #2

Currency Act

which prohibited colonial assemblies from printing their own paper currency, money supply was being restricted while British was demanding for more money

Sugar Act

imposes taxes on coffee, wine and other luxuries, imposed existing taxes on molasses 

Virtual representation

an idea developed in the British colonial period that said members elected to Parliament represented the whole British empire, not specific people or geographic locations

Declaratory Act

which meant that parliament could pass whatever laws they wanted in the colony 

Townshend acts

which levied taxes on items like paper, tea, and glass which were imports into the colonies. United colonists from all the colonies (even women), turn into organized boycotts = tension continues to mount 

Coercive Acts

which closed down the boston harbor until all that tea was paid for

Intolerable Acts

a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 to punish the Massachusetts colony for the Boston Tea Party

Continental congress 1774

here all the delegates from all the colonies except Georgia deliberated about what the colonists ought to do regarding Britian’s increasing legislative tyranny, they all agreed that the colonies needed to resist further violations of their liberty at the hands of parliament

John Locke

argued that a legitimate government could only exist by the consent of the government which means that it is in the hands of the people and not a monarch, people are endowed to natural rights which means that they cannot be taken away because they were not granted by the government (life, liberty, property), self-rule through elected representatives

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

 believed that the power to govern is the hands of the people which means that they are in a social contract with the government, people agree to willingly give up some of their power, government agrees to protect the people’s natural rights 

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

argues for American independence from Britain, enlightenment thought, put language to the things that colonists had felt but could not yet articulate

Declaration of Independence

a formal document declaring the independence of the Thirteen American Colonies from the British Empire. It was drafted primarily by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The document outlined the colonists' reasons for breaking political bonds with Great Britain, including their belief in natural rights and the king's violation of those rights

Patriot Cause

 was embodied by the continental congress and influenced by Paine’s Common Sense

Loyalists

 wanted to remain loyal to the British Crown

battle of saratoga

were a decisive American victory that significantly boosted American morale and convinced France to officially ally with the United States against Great Britain. The British, under General John Burgoyne, were attempting to split the colonies along the Hudson River, but they were ultimately defeated by the American forces led by General Horatio Gates. 

Paris Peace Treaty

America is an independent nation whose western boundary would be established at the Mississippi River 

Republican Motherhood

a key ideology during and after the American Revolution, shaping women's roles by emphasizing their responsibility to educate children in republican values and virtues.

Haitian Revolution

Haitian people rebelled against the French

Articles of Confederation

 they largely focus political power into legislative branch, power of the government was the power of the people, influenced by the state government legislatures

9 out of 13 states needed to agree for any changes to take place - also called a super majority making it unchangeable 

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

promotion of public education, abolished slavery in the Northwest Territory, Provided a means by which western territories could get a population and apply for statehood

Shay’s Rebellion

 articles of confederation was a flawed document, farmers had trouble paying debt because of new taxes after coming back from revolution war

As a result, shows everyone the weakness of the articles because they couldn’t call anyone to help with the uprising 

Constitutional convention

55 delegates from the state met in 1787 for the constitutional convention in Philadelphia, should we create a new constitution or add onto the turd of the Articles of Confederation

Virginia Plan

•  (big states > small states)

  • Strong centralized state

  • Bicameral legislature 

  • Representatives based on population

New Jersey Plan

• (small states > big states)

  • Unicamercal legislature 

  • Every state had equal representatives 

Great Compromise

 bicameral legislature, house of representatives would represent the states by population, senate would represent each state equally by giving each state 2 votes 

3/5 compromise

which said that ⅗ of the enslaved population would be represented when voting

House of Representatives

• Elected directly by the people

• Two year terms

Senate

• Elected by state legislatures

• Six year terms

Executive Branch

• Elected by a process governed by the electoral college

• President would not be elected by the people, but by the states 

Ratification

The delegates agreed that voting for president should be removed from the hands of the people who are uniquely qualified to pick the president 

9 of 13 states agree

Federalism

The sharing of power between the national government and the state government 

Supremacy Clause

found in Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, establishes that the U.S. Constitution and federal laws are the supreme law of the land, and they take precedence over state laws in cases of conflict.

Enumerated powers

 like the power to declare war 

Legislative

makes the laws

Executive

carries out and enforces the laws

Judicial

interprets the laws to ensure they align with the constitution

Check and Balance

 no one branch of government has more power than another branch of government 

What prevents American people from tyranny?

⅔ majority vote, vetoing laws 

Washington department establishes…

executive departments such as the treasury department, the war department, the state department, and the justice department each headed by a secretary making up his cabinet 

Hamilton department establishes…

 the national bank to unify the nation by absorbing the state’s debt from the revolution into a national debt which enables the US to borrow money from other nations and would increase the dependence of the states upon the federal government 

Elastic clause

allowed Hamilton to establish a national bank

Proclamation of neutrality

declared the United States' official stance of neutrality in the war between Great Britain and France. This proclamation established a precedent for American foreign policy, aiming to avoid entanglement in European conflicts. It also warned American citizens against aiding either side in the war and threatened legal action against those who did. 

Jay’s Treaty 1794

 an agreement by the United States and Great Britain that helped avert war between the two nations

Pickney treaty 1795

Spain agreed to let Americans use the port at New Orleans to trade along the Mississippi River, they agreed that the southern border would fall along the 31st parallel 

Whiskey Rebellion

poor farmers rebel against the tax on the whiskey

Federalists

• Led by Alexander Hamilton 

• Proponents of a strong central government

• Favored urban and elite interests

Democratic Republicans

• Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

• Champions of states rights

• Favored rural and agricultural interests 

XYZ affair

a diplomatic incident in 1797-1798 where American diplomats were approached by French agents who demanded bribes and a loan before negotiations could begin. The affair led to the Quasi-War, an undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France, and significantly impacted American politics and foreign policy.

Alien and Sedition Act

could deport or prison any non-citizen they pleased, aimed at Scottish and Irish immigrants 

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions

which said that the states had the right right to nullify any law passed by the federal government in which it went beyond the powers explicitly granted to it by the constitution 

Republican motherhood

mothers were in the best position influence political ideas by raising virtuous sons educated in the principles of liberty, if they were going to do this then they needed to be educated themselves

Women’s roles

Expanded education did not extend to Black women

Native American women’s roles in society decrease after the Indian wars because Men’s roles expanded as diplomats and warriors

John Trumbull

depicting historical events in a romanticized way, provokes a sense of nationalistic fervent 

Poor Richard’s Almanack

handbook filled with many aphorisms (a pithy observation that contains a general truth), many Americans adopted this, helped shaped American identity in those who were industrious and hard-working 

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

defined the separation between church and state, and argued that people couldn’t compel to support church ministry with tax dollars, couldn’t be compelled to go to church at all, the government cannot interfere with the conscience of a worshipper

Alexander Hamilton

was leader of the Federalist fought for powerful central government favored manufacturing interest

Thomas Jefferson

 was leader of Democratic Republicans and they fought for limited central government and the favored the ideal of agrarianism (a nation of self-sustaining farmers) - abolished the whiskey tax and it was repealed, minimizing the military, reducing the number of federal jobs  

Strict constructionism

the federal government can only do what is explicitly written in the constitution 

Revolution of 1800

power transferred peacefully between Federalist Party to the Democratic Republican Party led by Thomas Jefferson

Louisiana Purchase

sent James Monroe to France to secure trading rights, offered Napolean offered Louisiana territory for $15 million and he took that offer, goes against Jefferson’s values but he agreed to it anyway

Lewis and Clark

also known as the Corps of Discovery, was a landmark U.S. military expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark from 1804 to 1806. Commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson, the expedition explored the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase and the Pacific Northwest, gathering information about the land, its resources, and the indigenous peoples. 

John Marshall

A Federalist, he significantly expanded the power of the federal government and judiciary through landmark decisions that shaped American law and the role of the Supreme Court. One of his most significant contributions was establishing the principle of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Marbury v. Madison

established the principle of judicial review. This means the Supreme Court has the power to review laws passed by Congress and determine if they are constitutional. 

Judiciary act

established the structure and jurisdiction of the federal court system

Judicial Review

the power of courts, especially the Supreme Court, to examine laws and actions of other branches of government and determine if they are constitutional. If a law is found unconstitutional, the court can declare it null and void. 

McCulloch v. Maryland

whether the state has the power to tax a federal bank, the Supreme Court case established the supremacy of federal law and the broad powers of Congress under the Necessary and Proper Clause. The Court ruled that Congress had the power to create a national bank (the Second Bank of the United States) and that states could not tax it. 

War of 1812

 continued impressment of american citizens to fight with the British, issues on the frontier, couldn’t expand West because Americans Indians refuse to give up their land but they end up expanding West anyway

War Hawks

a group of young, expansionist politicians, primarily from the South and West, who advocated for war with Great Britain in the early 1800s. They believed that a war would protect American interests and expand the nation's territory. 

Hartford Convention

a meeting of Federalist Party delegates from five New England states held in Hartford, Connecticut, in December 1814. It was convened in response to the War of 1812, during which Federalist opposition to the war had become increasingly vocal. The convention drafted proposed amendments to the Constitution aimed at limiting federal power and protecting states' rights, ultimately damaging the Federalist Party and contributing to its demise. 

Midnight judges

John Adams spent the last days appointing judges while still being in power, of his appointed them at the very last moments of his authority 

American system

Proposed by Henry Clay to unify the American economy

1. Federally funded internal improvements

2. Federal tariffs

3. Second Bank of the United States 

Tallmadge Amendment

Impulse to push Westward, settling the frontier in even greater numbers

Missouri applies for statehood, assumed it would be applied as a slave state, would ban slavery in the state after 25 years, balance of the power of the nation was at stake 

Missouri Compromise

Missouri would be admitted as the slave state, Maine would be a free state balance will be preserved, 36 30 parallel line any territories above it would be free and the states below it will be a slave state

Treaty of Ghent

ended the war between Britain and US in the War of 1812

Olive Branch Petition

a document drafted and adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775. It was sent to King George III as a final attempt to avoid a full-scale war with Great Britain. The petition expressed colonial loyalty to the British crown and requested the king to intervene on their behalf to resolve the ongoing conflict.