Descent with Modification + Phylogeny

systematics

classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

taxonomy

classifying and naming organisms

phylogenetic tree

branching diagram used to show evolutionary history of a group of organisms

clade

group of species that includes an ancestral species + all descendants

principle of maximum parsimony

use simplest explanation to construct tree

molecular clock

measure evolutionary change based on regions of genome that appear to evolve at constant rates

tree of life

3 domains: bacteria, archaea, eukarya

elements conserved across all 3 life forms

1. dna and rna are carriers of genetic info

2. universal genetic code (codons →AA)

3. conserved metabolic pathways

carolus linnaeus

founded of taxonomy

jean baptiste de lamarck

published theory of evolution; recognized that species evolve

fitness

describes how successful an organism is at living and reproduction

natural selection

1. must have competition for limited resources

2. evolutionary fitness: more favorable adaptations are more likely to survive and produce more offspring

3. populations evolve, not individuals

acronym for evidence of evolution

F.A.M.E

what does the F in fame stand for

fossilswhta

what does the A in fame stand for

anatomical

what does the m in fame stand for

molecular

what does the E in fame stand for

embryological

fossils

shows evolutionary changed that occur over time

law of superposition

older life is found in deeper layers; complexity of fossils increases as you get closer to the top

transitional fossils

intermediate forms of life in transition from one type to another

anatomical

features that illustrate evolutionary relationships among species and their common ancestry.

homologous structure

structures that are anatomically similar because they are inherited from a common ancestor. ex. arms in humans and arms of bat wings

analogous structures

different structures but same function; showcases similar adaptions but in different ways. ex. fins of fish and dolphins

vestigial structures

structures that evolved in a common ancestor; but not needed anymore ex. tailbone and wisdom teeth

molecular

1. various amount of dna are identical between species

2. species that are more closely related have more identical dna

embryological

patterns of embryological development indicate a common ancestry

direct observations of evolutation

ex. peppered moths

biogeography

1. meaning the geographic distribution of a species

2. species in nearby geographic areas resemble each other