Chapter 8 Concepts

What is the job of a pulmonologist

they diagnose and treat lung/pulmonary diseases

What is the job of a registered respiratory therapist

they treat, evaluate, and care for patients as they supervise technicians and take orders from physicians

What is the job of a respiratory therapy technician

evaluate, monitor, and treat patients under the order of a RRT and physician

What is the job of a sleep technologist

assist sleep specialists in the assessment, monitoring, managements, and follow-up care of patients with sleep disorders

What causes more carbon dioxide to be in the air we breathe?

burning of coal, oil, natural gas, cutting down forests, and disturbing the natural balance

What damages out respiratory tracks, cause cancer, brain damage, or birth defects?

pollutants

What are the six connected elements of the respiratory track

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, and alveoli

What are the two components of the respiratory system?

ventilation also known as the movement of air and its gases into and out of the lungs

exchange of gases between air and blood and between blood and interstitial fluids

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

exchange of gases, regulation of blood pH, protection, voice production, olfaction

how does the exchange of gases work

allows oxygen form the air to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to leave the blood and enter the air.

how does regulation of pH work

changing carbon dioxide levels

protection

protects against foreign bodies and against some microorganisms

how does voice production work

movement of air across the vocal cords makes voice and sound possible

how does olfaction work?

Each cells has 10-20 hair like structures called cilia that project into the nasal cavity in a thin mucous film. This is all located in the olfactory region

What is another term for nostrils

nares

where do the nares lead to

the nasal cavity

What divides the nasal cavity into right and left

nasal septum

what form the floor of the nose

palate

what is another name of the trachea

windpipe

what opens the nose

paranasal frontal and maxillary sinuses

What are the main functions of the nose

passageway for air- enter or leave the body

air cleanser- the nasal hairs and the mucus trap particles of dust and solid pollutants

air moisturizer- moisture is secreted by the nasal mucosa and from tears that drain into the nasal cavity through the nasal lacrimal duct

air warmer- the blood flowing through the nasal cavity beneath the mucous membrane lining also warms the air. This prevents damage from cold to the more fragile lower respiratory passages

sense of smell/olfaction

What is the path of air that travels after it enters your nose?

Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, slips to Bronchioles, alveoli preforms gas exchange

What is a common cold and what else is it known as?

it is known as a viral upper respiratory infection (URI) and it is very contagious through airborne methods. No treatment

What is Rhinitis alternative name and what is it?

Also known as coryza and is inflammation of the nasal mucosa

What is allergenic rhinitis?

affects 15% to 20% of the population and the mucous membranes of the nose, pharynx, and sinuses swell and produce a clear, watery discharge. Treatment entails defining and removing the allergy-causing agents

Sinusitis

infection of the paranasal sinuses, often following a viral upper respiratory tract infection. It can also be part of an allergic response. It can be treated with antibiotics and decongestants

what is a deviated nasal septum

partition between the two nostrils is pushed to one side, leading to a partially obstructed airway in one nostril. Treatment is surgery

what is a nasal polyps

benign growths arising from the mucosa of the nasal cavity or a sinus. Can be surgically removed

what is e[istaxis

a nose bleed which is bleeding from the septum of the nose usually from trauma.

What is medical treatment for nose bleeds?

pinching the soft part of the nose for 15 or 20 seconds or cauterization from the hospital, also known as nose gauze strips.

What is the pharynx job and alternative name

the throat, muscular funnel that receives air from the nasal cavity, and food and drink from the oral cavity.

What are the three regions of the pharynx

nasopharynx- located at the back of the nose and above the soft palate and uvula. The posterior surface contains the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) only air moves through this region

Oropharynx- Located at the back of the mouth, and below the soft palate and above the epiglottis. It contains two sets of tonsils called the palatine an lingual tonsils. Air, food, and drink all pass through this region

Laryngopharynx- located below the tip of the epiglottis. It is a pathway to the esophagus. Only food and drink can pass through

What is snoring?

25% of adults have it but most common in overweight males. It worsens with age and snoring noises are made in the back of the mouth and nose where the tongue and upper pharynx meets the soft palate and uvula

What is obstructive sleep apnea?

obstruction of soft tissues at the back of the nose and the mouth. This leads to frequent episodes for gasping for breath,, followed by complete cessation of breathing (apnea) These episodes reduce the amount of oxygen in the blood making the heart pump harder

what is pharyngitis

acute or chronic infection involving the pharynx, tonsils, and uvula. It usually viral in children. Increasing air humidity and getting extra rest are effective treatments

What is tonsilitis

usually a viral infection of the tonsils in the oropharynx. in less than 20% cases this infection is caused by a streptococcus. A rapid strep test and throat culture are used to identify the strep sore throat or pharyngitis

what is nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

a rare form of cancer that occurs mostly in males between the ages of 50 to 60. Treatments include radiation and chemotherapy

what are the job of the narynx

move inhaled air and create voice

what is the upper opening into the larynx called

the glottis

what guards the glottis

epiglottis

why does the epiglottis cover the glottis when swallowing food

your tongue pushes down the epiglottis to close the glottis and direct the food into the esophagus behind it helping prevent infection

what is the thyroid cartilage also knwon as and its job

also known as the Adams apple, forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx

what are the two pairs of horizontal ligaments behind the larynx?

your vocal cords. They allow air to pass between them creating your voice

how does sound production work

vocal cords vibrate to make sound and the force of the air passing through determines the volume of the sound. the muscles move closer together with varying degrees of tautness.

What is laryngitis

Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the larynx, which produces hoarseness and sometimes progresses to a loss of voice

What is epiglottitis

Inflammation of the epiglottis. Acute epiglottis is seen most commonly in children between the ages of 2 and 7 years. It can cause acute airway obstruction, which requires a tube to be inserted into the windpipe (intubation)

What is Croup (Layrngotracheobronchitis)

A group of viral diseases causing an inflammation and obstruction of the upper airway. It’s most common in children between the ages of 3 months and 5 years. In several cases, a child makes a high-pitched, squeaky, inspiratory noise called stidor.

What is papillomas

Benign tumors of the larynx due to overuse or irritation. These are surgically removed using a laryngoscope

What is carcinoma

The larynx produces a persistent hoarseness. Its incidence peaks among people in their 50s and 60s. Treatment can be radiation and/or chemotherapy

What does the trachea divide into and what is its job?

The rigid tube breaks into two parts of the main brinchi and its job is to serve air going into the left and right lung

Where are the lungs located?

In the thoracic cavity

What is the shape of a lung?

It is a soft, spongy, cone-shaped organ

Where do the lungs lie

The base lays at the top of the diaphragm and the apex is above and behind the clavicle. Its outer convex, costal surface presses against the rib cage. Its inner concave surface presses against the chest region also known as the mediastinum

How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they known as

It has three lobes and they are known as the superior, middle, and inferior

How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they known as

It has 2 lobes known as the superior and the inferior

How are each of the lobes seperated

By fissures

How is the tracheobronchial tree structured

Like a upside down tree that conducts air into your chest

What does the tracheobronchial tree consist of

The trachea, bronchi, and the bronchial tubes

What is the tracheobronchial trees job

To conduct and guide air throughout the respiratory track

As the tertiary bronchi further divides, what does it turn into

The bronchioles

What do the bronchioles divide into finally

The alveoli

What surrounds each alveolus

A thin walled sac which is supported by a think respiratory membrane

What is the main job of the membrane that surrounds each alveolus

Allows the exchange of gases with the surrounding pulmonary capillary network

what is the double layered membrane that covers the lungs known as

The pleura

What is the space in between the two layers of the pleura called

The pleural cavity what contains a thin film of lubricant fluid

What does the lubricant in the pleural cavity allow the lungs to do

Expand for each breathe inhaled and deflate for each breathe exhaled with minimal friction

What is the average resting adult breaths per minute

10 to 15 breaths and inhales around 500 mL of air during inspiration and exhales it out during expiration

What is the main job of respiration

To get air into and out of the alveoli so that oxygen can enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide can exit

How does the diaphragm and external intercostal play into respiration

In inspiration, it drops down and flattens to expand the thoracic cavity and reduce pressure in the airways. The external intercostal muscles also help by lifting the chest wall up and out to further expand the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, and the thoracic cavity springs back to its original size

What are the most common symptoms of a respiratory disorder

Cough- triggered by irritants in the respiratory track

Dyspnea- difficulty of breathing can occur from exertion or, in severe disorders, during rest when all the respiratory muscles are used to exchange only a small volume of air

Cyanosis- the blood has increased unoxygenated hemoglobin levels and is considered a dark-red blue color

Changes in the rate of breathing- tachypnea and hyperpnea are signs of breathing changes as bradypnea as well

Sneezing

Hiccups

Yawning

What are the different types of sputum that can be swallowed or expectorated when coughing

Hemoptysis- Bloody

Purulent- Thick, Yellow (Infection)

Phlegm- abnormal amounts of mucus arising from the upper respiratory tract and exported or coughed up

What is acute bronchitis

Viral or bacterial leading to production of excess mucus with some obstruction of airflow

What is chronic bronchitis

Most common obstructive disease caused by cigarette smoking or repeated episodes of acute bronchitis. Produces extra mucus, cilia are destoryed, and a pattern develops of a chronic cough

What has the possibility of following after chronic bronchitis

Hypercapnia (excess carbon dioxide)

what is bronchiolitis

Inflammation of the small airways bronchioles which this occurs more often in adults and can be unrecognized start of airway changes. Causes small airways to become blocked and noticable respiratory distress

What is pulmonary emphysema

A disease of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. The airways become enlarged, and the septa between the alveoli are destroyed, forming large sacs of air (bullae)

What is chronic airway obstruction/ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A progressive disease that involves both chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The end result can become right side heart failure due to backup blood into the right ventricle

What is bronchiectasis

Abnormal dilation of the small bronchioles due to repeated infection. the damaged, dilated bronchi are unable to clear secretions, making them prone to further infections and increased damage

What is bronchial asthma

A disorder with recurrent acute episodes of bronchial obstruction which results from a constriction of bronchioles, a hypersecretion of mucus, and an inflammatory swelling of the bronchiolar lining.

What is cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder caused by an increased viscosity (thickness and stickiness) of secretions from the pancreas, salivary glands, liver, intestine, and lungs. A very thick mucus obstructs the airways and causes repeated infection.

What is pulmonary edema

The collection of fluid in the lung tissues and alveoli. Commonly resulted from left ventricular failure or mitral valvr disease with congestive heart failure

What happens during ausculation

The air bubbling through abnormal fluid in the alveoli and small bronchioles, as in pulmonary edema, produces a nose called rales. when the bronchi are partly obstructed and air is being forced past the obstruction, a high-pitched noise called rhonchus is heard

What is pneumonia

A acute infection is the alveoli and lung parenchyma. Commonly a bacteria or virus. The alveoli become filled with inflammatory fluid, decreasing the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What is lobar pneumonia

An infection limited to one lung lobe

What is bronchopneumonia

An infection in the bronchioles that spreads to the alveoli

What is pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleurae, can be complicated of pneumonia. This condition makes breathing painful because the parietal pleura is very pain-sensitive. The inflammation often leads to fluid accumulating in the pleural cavity. That is knwon as pleural effusion

What do pleural effusions contain

Pus- empyema

Blood- hemothorax

What is the procedure called that is drawn off for therapeutic reasons or for laboratory analysis

Aspiration or thoracentesis

What is lung absence

Complication of bacterial pneumonia or cancer. Long-term antibiotics are used, and partial surgical excision of the abscess may be necessary

What is spontaneous pneumothorax

When there is entry of air into the pneumothorax, it often results from trauma when a fractured rib, knife blade, or bullet lacerates the pleura

What is adult respiratory distress syndrome

Lung failure caused by a variety of underlying conditions from major trauma to sepsis. The alveoli fill with fluid and collapse, shutting down gas exchange.

What is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Premature babies whose lungs have not matured enough to produce surfactant, a substance secreted in the lungs as the alveoli collapse

What are chronic infections

The lung parenchyma are the result of prolonged exposure to infection or to occupational irritant dusts or droplets. These disorders are called pneumoconioses.

what is asbestosis

Results from inhaling asbestos particles and can lead to cancer in the pleura called mesothelioma.

what is another name for silicosis

Stonecutters disease

What is another name for anthracosis

Coal miners disease

What is sarcoidosis

Produces lesions and is fibrotic scarring disorder of the lung parenchyma

What is pulmonary tuberculosis

Chronic, infections disease of the lungs

What is the main attribute that causes lung cancer

Tobacco use

Where does 99% of all lung cancer come from

The mucous membranes from the larger bronchi are called bronchogenic carcinomas