APUSH Unit 4

Election of 1800

• John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson

  • Jefferson becomes the first DR president

• Peaceful transfer of power (Rev. of 1800)

  • Showed that Constitutional system was working

Federalists and Judicial Branch

• Federalists wanted to maintain some grip on power —> Judiciary Act of 1801

  • New judicial positions created (Federalist candidates)

• Called “Midnight Appointments” —> Adams’ attempt to appoint Federalist judges before leaving office

• One of the appointees (Marbury) sued Madison (Secretary of State) for refusing to deliver his commission

  • Marbury v. Madison

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• Parts of the Judiciary Act were ruled unconstitutional

• Established judicial review

  • Supreme Court has the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional

  • Massive expansion of judicial power

How Jeffersonian was Jefferson?

• DR:

  • Strict interpretation of the Constitution

  • Limited federal gov’t

  • Farmers (agrarian society)

• Jefferson:

  • Eliminated excise taxes (on whiskey)

  • Lowered nat’l debt

  • Did not dismantle all of the Federal policies (kept BUS and debt plan)

• Attempted to buy New Orleans from France and a part of Florida from Spain (Spain ended its right to use the port of NE and France owned Louisiana territory) —> sent Monroe to buy Louisiana land

  • Napoleon offered to sell all of it for $15 mill (Haitian Revolution & fight against England —> needed $)

• Although the Constitution did not say that the president could buy foreign land, TJ did it anyway

  • Loose interpretation

Louisiana Purchase

• Doubled the size of the U.S.

• Supported Jefferson’s vision of an agrarian society w/ independent farmers

• Avoided a potential threat (France) along American borders

  • If Napoleon was able to re-establish French dominance, the America would be threatened

• Further weakened the Federalist party (territory was not urban or industrial)

• Lewis + Clark led an exploration of the trans-Mississippi West

  • Looked at geography, etc.

  • Start of the U.S. claims to the Oregon territory + Pacific Coast —> Native American tensions

Violation to American Neutrality

• The war in Europe continued to cause problems for America (ex: Napoleonic Wars)

• Impressment: forced enlistment of Americans into the British navy

• France announced that they would seize American ships trading w/ England

• England declared that American ships going to Europe must stop in England first

SHOWDOWN:

• English ship (Leopard) attacked American ship (Chesapeake) —> 1807

  • Americans killed

  • War?

Jefferson’s Response to Tests of U.S. Neutrality

• Issued the Embargo Act of 1807

  • Banned all U.S. trade w/ foreign nations

  • Impact: U.S. economy plummeted

    • Especially New England (manufacturing/trade-based economy)

  • Smuggling to evade the act

  • Unintended consequences:

    • Helped fuel the industrial revolution in New England (if no goods are coming in, then America must create them themselves)

President James Madison

• Becomes president in 1809

• Embargo Act repealed before his presidency —> Non-Intercourse Act (1809) created

  • America could trade w/ all nations except France and England (goal: shut down trade w/ the nations that were violating American neutrality)

• Non-Intercourse Act —> replaced w/ Macon’s Bill #2

  • U.S. would end embargo if the countries respected U.S. neutrality

• Members of Congress in 1811 known as “War Hawks” (S & W) advocated for war against England

  • Stop British harassment

  • Wipe out Native resistance on the frontier (Britain gave them weapons)

  • Take Canada from England

Native Resistance on the Frontier

• Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and “the Prophet” organized a confederacy of tribes east of the Mississippi River

  • Tired of American encroachment

• William Henry Harrison organized an army and attack NA resistance in 1811 at the Battle of Tippecanoe

  • Huge blow to native resistance + win for American expansion

War of 1812 Declared

• James Madison declares war in 1812

• Reasons:

  • England’s arming of NA’s on the frontier

  • England’s continued violations of U.S. neutrality (Leopard vs. Chesapeake)

  • Pressure from War Hawks in Congress

    • Desire for more land + protect American honor

  • DR’s tended to favor France

War of 1812

• Initially went poorly for the U.S.

  • Nation was divided (Federalists vs. War Hawks)

  • Failed invasion of Canada

• The British warned Washington D.C. + attempted to defeat Fort McHenry in Baltimore (failed —> Star Spangled Banner est.)

• Treaty of Ghent formally ended the war - stalemate

• 2 weeks after the treaty, Andrew Jackson defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans

Hartford Convention (1814)

• Some Federalists met to discuss their concerns (Dec, 1814) just as the war is ending

  • Some radical Federalists encouraged secession (leaving the union or signing a peace deal w/ England)

    • Never materializes, but est. sectionalism

• Nail in the coffin for the Federalist party - seen as traitors

Era of Good Feelings

• After the War of 1812, a huge increase in nationalism (survived 2 wars against England)

• James Monroe elected in 1816 (all DR candidates)

  • Period of only 1 political party known as the DR’s

• Not all good feelings:

  • Growing sectionalism

  • Debates over the American System (tariffs, BUS, transportation, etc.)

  • Slavery

  • Panic of 1819

    • First major economic crash - bankruptcy, unemployment, etc.

The American System

• Est. by Henry Clay

• Expression of economic nationalism

  • National Republicans adopted policies similar to the Federalists

• Tariff of 1816 - 1st protective tariff

  • Help American industry + manufacturing - the $ gained from this would finance transportation improvements

• 2nd BUS

  • Helped ensure financial security + provided credit

• Internal improvements

  • Developed canals and roads to link the nation together

    • Madison + Monroe vetoed proposals to use federal funds on roads + canals (not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution) —> states paid for it themselves (ex: Erie Canal, 1825)

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Missouri (part of the Louisiana territory) petitioned to enter the union as a slave state

  • Would upset the balance b/w slave states and free states

• Tallmadge Amendment proposed:

  • Gradual emancipation of enslaved ppl in Missouri

  • Defeated by Southerners

• Missouri Compromise by Clay

  • Missouri entered as a slave state, and Maine enters as a free state (broke off from MA)

  • Above the 3630 line, slavery would be prohibited

• Temporarily stopped growing tensions

Supreme Court (John Marshall Court Decisions)

• Marbury v. Madison (1803) - est. judicial review

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) - Maryland tried to tax the BUS

  • Court ruled a state could not do this - incr. in the power of the Federal gov’t

• Overall, gave power to Federal decisions even though the Federalists were gone (principles living on)

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• U.S. feared that Europe would try to recolonize the territory in the Western hemisphere

  • Ex: Spain reconquering Florida post-Adams Onís Treaty

• England also wanted to keep Europe out

• Monroe Doctrine - the U.S. warned Europe to stay out of the Western hemisphere

  • The U.S. agreed to avoid European affairs

  • Not much impact - America was too weak to enforce it

Election of 1824 + The Corrupt Bargain

• Put an end to the Era of Good Feelings

• Clay, Crawford, J. Quincy Adams, and Jackson (all DR) wanted to be president

• Jackson won the popular vote (most electoral votes), but not the majority of them —> went to the House of Representatives

• Clay (speaker of the House) supported the American System along w/ Adams —> Adams named president w/ Clay as the Secretary of State

• Jackson + his supporters saw this as corruption

Post 1824 Election

• Final split amongst “united” DR’s under the Era of Good Feelings

  • National Republicans w/ Adams

  • Democrats w/ Jackson

1828 Election

• Dirty campaign

• Jackson won against Adams

  • First president from the West

  • Victory for the common man

Spoils System

• Rewarded political supporters w/ public office

  • Jackson defended it on democratic grounds (opening up politics to new ppl)

  • Corruption and ineffectiveness - no one hired through merit or w/ qualifications

Nullification Crisis

• Tariff of 1828 passed by Congress

  • Northerners favored it, while Southerners did not (called it the “Tariff of Abominations”)

    • Sectionalism

• Pamphlet published by Calhoun - outlined the theory of nullification (a state could decide whether to obey or nullify a federal law)

• Another tariff passed by Congress in 1832

  • Nullification Crisis - $ would not be collected in SC OR would leave the union

    • Force Bill (1833) - federal army would collect the $

    • Compromise Tariff (1833) - Clay gradually lowered tariff

    • Nullification rescinded

Jackson’s Native Policy

• Goal: expand into Southwest for Southern planters

• Indian Removal Act of 1830 - 5 civilized tribes, forced removal

  • NA’s forced to leave homes and go west of the Mississippi River

• Indian Removal Act results:

  • Uprooting of thousands of NA’s

  • Courts protected Cherokee rights

    • Worcester v. Georgia (1832) - Georgia law did not apply to the Cherokees

      • Jackson ignored this decision

• In 1838 (after Jackson left office), forced removal of 15k Cherokees to leave Georgia (Trail of Tears)

Bank War

• 1816 Congress gave 20 year charter to the BUS

  • 1832 - Jackson vetoed the recharter (exercised too much power?)

• Jackson won the 1832 election and destroyed the BUS

  • Ordered all federal funds to be withdrawn and put into “pet banks”

• Panic of 1832 (Jackson out of office) - happened due to debt (pet banks were loaning out too much $)

New Political Parties

• Democrats

  • Small nat’l gov’t

  • Federal gov’t should stay out of economic affairs + social issues

  • Strength: South, West, urban workers

• Whigs (similar to the Federalists)

  • Favored strong central government

  • Supported Clay’s American System

  • Supported moral reform movements

  • Strength: New England area

Market Revolution

• Regional specialization: sections developing distinct economies

  • North: industrial revolution

  • West: agriculture (wheat)

  • South: cash crop economy (cotton)

• Technology + transportation improvements

• Population incr.

  • Birth rate + immigration (Irish/German)

• Urbanization + city growth

• Western expansion - raises issues of slavery

Immigration

• Lots of land (those in Europe did not have access to cheap land)

• Jobs in factories

• American freedom + opportunity (better in monarch-dominated Europe)

• Victims of prejudice

  • Anger of native-born Americans over “stealing jobs”

  • Many were Catholic and victims of anti-Catholicism

Nativists

• Reasons:

  • Immigrants took jobs from Amercians

  • Would outvote Americans and ruin their culture

  • Many were Catholics

• Know Nothing Party - wanted to restrict immigrants/immigration

Northern Manufacturing

• Slater memorized plans for machinery from England and brought it to America —> more mills/factories

• Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts allowed for mass production in factories

  • Greater efficiency

• Morse’s telegraph

  • Communication

Factory Work in the North

• Change in work

  • Manufacturing done in factories

    • Long hours, low wages, dangerous

    • Subsistence agriculture —> factory work

  • Lowell System - factory in MA worked by New England farm daughters

• Commonwealth v. Hunt - labor unions were allowed by the SC

  • Movements happened later

Transportation Revolution

• Steamboat invented in 1807 by Fulton

  • Cheaper

• Cumberland Road built in 1811

  • Goods/ppl moved more efficiently

• Erie Canal (1825) built by NY

  • Linked Great Lakes w/ Hudson River

• Railroads: fast, more reliable, and cheaper than canals

• Transportation —> ppl moving West

Farming Inventions

• McCormick Reaper (1830) - crops could be gathered more efficiently

• Deere invented the steel plow (1837) - broke through the soil

• Consequences:

  • Large scale farming

  • Demand for more land and machinery

  • Debt amongst farmers

Cotton Gin (1793)

• Created huge demand for enslaved ppl

• Northern factories purchased this cotton

Liberalism in Religion

• Human beings have the capacity for moral behavior

• All humans have free will and the possibility of salvation by good works

• Less stern/traditional views

Second Great Awakening

• Reasons:

  • Concern over a lack of religious zeal

  • New religious ideas

• Wave of revivals spread across the country

  • Frontier “camp meetings”

• Charles Finney - revival preacher who led revivals in the 1830s in NY

  • Against slavery + alcohol

• Numerous citizens converted

  • Boosted church attendance

• New religious sects

  • Methodists + Baptists

    • Stressed personal conversion

    • Democratic control of church affairs

    • Emotionalism in worship

• Evangelicalism (emotional worship) —> Age of Reform

  • Prison Reform

  • Temperance

  • Women’s Movement

  • Anti-slavery

• Women in religion

  • Majority of the church members

  • Role of bringing family back to God

  • Involved in reform efforts

Education Reform

• Tax-supported schools were rare in early years of the republic

• Benefits of public education:

  • Instill republican values (good citizens)

  • Instill values (discipline/hard work)

  • Americanize immigrants

• Horace Mann - Secretary of the MA Board of Education

  • Required attendance

  • Expanded curriculum

• North benefited

Temperance Movement

• Drinking problems

  • Factory system needed efficient labor

  • Family life

  • Seen as an immigrant issue (alcohol common in other cultures)

• American Temperance Society created in 1826

  • Urged members to stop drinking

  • Very religious, but also secular

  • Created propaganda —> interfering legally

Women’s Movement

• Women were treated like second class citizens - democratization did not apply to them

• “Cult of domesticity” - the home was a woman’s sphere

• Inspired by roles given in churches

• Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton advocated for women’s suffrage

• Seneca Falls Convention (1848) - “Declaration of Sentiments” based off the Declaration

  • Demand right to vote for women