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psychology
scientific study of mental processes and behavior
confirmation bias
interprets or remembers information that confirms what they believe
hindsight bias
people believe they knew something was going to happen after it occurred
overconfidence
when people have too much faith in judgments and abilities
empirical evidence
info obtained through observation experimentation, or measurement
scientific method
systematic approach used to study human behavior and mental process
hypothesis
specific testable predication or educated guess
falsifiable
a statement that can be potentially proven false through experimentation
peer review
process where experts evaluate a research study
replication
process of repeating a study to find if its consistent
reliability
produces consistent results
validity
accurately measures what it intends to measure
research design
plan of how you will construct your research
methodology
systematic procedures and techniques used to conduct research withing specific research
quantitative data
numbers based information gathered from experiment
qualitative data
insight into complex topics
likert scale
used in surveys to asses attitudes, opinions, or perspectives
structured interviews
research method with predetermined questions that are asked to everyone
survey technique
psychology used to data from a sample of individuals through self-reporting
wording effect
subtle changes in wording of question can influence responses
social desirability bias
tendency of individuals to respond in order to be favored by others
naturalistic observation
researchers observe behavior in real-world without person knowing
case study
involves in-depth examination of single individual, group of phenomenon
correlational research
used to examine relationships, no manipulation
third variable problem
possibility that 3rd unmeasured variable may be influencing relationship
scatter plot
visual representation used in correlational research to display relationship
correlation coefficient
used to quantify the strength and direction of relationship
no correlation
r=0, no relationship
positive correlation
variable increase or decrease consistently
negative correlation
as one increases the other decreases
experimental method
used to investigate cause and effect relationship between variables
confounding variable
variable that was not accounted for
operational definition
specifies how research will be measured
placebo effect
people change behavior because they think they are in the experiment
experimental bias
researcher’s expectations or beliefs influence the results
single-blind study
participants are unaware of whether they belong to experimental group
double-blind study
researchers and participants don’t know which group is which
sample
subset of individuals that represent population
representative sample
sample reflects population different demographics
random sample
any participant has ability to be included
sample bias
sample is not representative of whole population
generalizability
research findings can be applied to the general popul
descriptive statistics
used to summarize and describe characteristics of dataset
inferential statistic
using data to make inferences or predictions about the larger population
measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
bell curve
majority of the data fall in the center
regression to mean
extreme scores get closer to average when measured again
positive skew
majority of data is on left, tail is toward the positive or right
negative skew
majority of data is on the right, tail is toward negative or left
standard deviation
how far apart your numbers are
percentile rank
indicates the percentage of score distrubution
bimodal
two peaks
statistical significance
likelihood that observed results are not due to change
meta analysis
multiple research studies on the same topic to draw conclusions
protect participants from harm
obligation of researchers to minimize risk and ensure well-being of participants
informed consent
individuals agree to participate in study
informed assent
involving children or people who have limited decision making skills
confidentiality
researchers handle sensitive data and personal information
deception
misleading participant about true purpose of study
confederates
individuals who are part of research study but aware of purpose
debriefing
providing comprehensive information about the purpose of study