1) What Is Human Geography?

Human landscapes

________ and cultures resulted primarily from physical geography reducing the need to think about economics, politics, societies, and so forth.

Physische Geografie

In ________ (1802), Kant asserted that geography and history together comprise all knowledge.

Abraham Ortelius

________ produced the first modern atlas in 1570 that ran into 41 editions by 1612.

Immanuel Kant

________ (1724- 1804) taught at the University of Königsberg and is best known for his work in logic and metaphysics.

Possibilism

________ corresponded to the historically popular view that every event is the result of individual human decision- making.

Alexandrian Ptolemy

________ summarized most mathematical traditions in his eight- volume Guide to Geography and produced a world map including a grid system that includes mapping procedures still used today.

Al Idrisi

________ wrote a book on world geography that corrected many of Ptolemys errors.

Ibn Battuta

________ is described as one of the best- known travelers who journeys extensively in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Khaldun

________ was a historian who wrote at length about the relations between humans and the environment.

Hipparchus

________ devised a grid system of imaginary lines on the earths surface mapping longitude and latitude.

Bernhardus Vareniuss

In 1650, ________ (1622- 50) Geographia Generalis remained the standard geographic text for at least a century.

Aerial photography

________ and both infrared and satellite imagery help facilitate data acquisition.

Canada

________ established a partial department of geography at the Univesity of British Columbia in 1923 (12 years before the complete department was established in 1935 in Toronto)

Greeks

The ________ were the first civilization to become geographically mobile and to establish colonies.

Humboldt

________ and Ritter were the first geographers to pay full attention to concept formulation to the derivation of general statements from the detailed factual information available.

fifteenth century

Chinese and Islamic geographies prior to the ________ were roughly comparable to Greek geography.

Strabo

________ summarized literary traditions as encyclopedic descriptions in Geographia.

Schaefer

________ argued that geographers should move away from a simple description in regional studies to a more explanatory framework based on scientific methods such as the construction of theory and the use of quantitative methods.

1817

Die Erdkunde was only partially complete world geography comprising 19 volumes published between ________ and 1859 with topics ranging from interests such as moving from description alone to description and laws.

Gerardus Mercator

________ (1512- 94) was undoubtedly the most influential of the new map- makers.

Mediterranean

Chang Chien discovered the ________ in 128 BCE.

Marco Polo

________ (1254- 1323) was a Venetian who visited China and wrote descriptions of the places he saw.

Navigation

________- assisted exploration aids human geography.

Vidal

________ believed geography should consider both physical geographic impacts on humans and human modification of physical geography.

Sebastian Münster

________ (1488- 1552), a contemporary of Apian, produced Cosmography in 1544, the first major work following the initial burst of European expansion activities that included descriptions of the earths major regions.

Aristotle

________ wrote about possible relationships between latitude, climate, and population density, and speculated about the ideal locations for cities and the conflicts between rich and poor groups.

William Morris Davis

________ (1840- 1934) was a geologist who promulgated the German view that physical geography influenced human landscapes and that geography was essentially a regional science.

Grid systems

________ were prominently in use during the Han Dynasty.

spatial analytic approach

The ________ first became a prime interest of human geographers in the mid- 1950s- 1970.

Varenius

________ provided an explicit definition of geography as the study of the state of the earth, both h physical and human, and also emphasized the need for both detailed description (what he (Bernhardus Vareniuss) called special or particular geography) and generalizations (what he called general or universal geography.

Latitude

________ was calculated by the angle of a suns shadow, but longitude was more difficult due to a lack of resources to measure time precisely.

James Cook

________ made three voyages into the Pacific (1769- 1780)

environmental determinism

Fortunately, ________ is an explicit identification of physical cause and the human effect.

overseas movement

During the early phase of the European ________, science, in general, changed from being a practice controlled by the church to one concerned with the acquisition of knowledge.

Portolano maps

________ were the most practical and depicted a series of radiating lines to correspond to points of a compass.

1903

The establishment of the first North American department of geography, at the University of Chicago in ________, came about at a time when American geography was influenced largely by German scholars.

Peter Apian

________ (1495- 1552) was a map marker and writer who in 1524 published a book that divided the earth into five zones (one torrid, two temperate, and two frigid) and provided notes on each continent and listed major towns.

Geography

________ is an academic discipline that serves society.

Largescale topographic maps

________, showing small areas in considerable detail, became possible with the development of exact survey techniques in eighteenth- century France.

second century BCE

In the ________, Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth.

Greek European Culture

________- viewed the individual as apart from nature.

rise of spatial analysis

The ________ came largely at the expense of the areal differentiation articulated by Hartshorne.

1874

The year ________ marks the formal beginning of geography as an institutionalized academic discipline.

ancient Greek maps

The ________ were drawn by scholars with expertise in astronomy, geometry, and mathematics.

Map making

________ was considered so important that governments began to assume responsibility for the task and in England, the Ordnance Survey was founded in 1791.

Alexander von Humboldt

________ and Carl Ritter were two German scholars who dominated geography in the first half of the nineteenth century.

Regional geography

________ was the most popular focus during the first half of the nineteenth century.

religion of Islam

The ________ was founded in the seventh century CE by the prophet Muhammad /At the same time, Europe was immersed om the Dark Ages.

Human geography

________ is currently a responsible social science with the basic aim of advancing knowledge and serving society.

geographic perspective

Early geography culture differed from a(n) ________.

Eratosthenes

"father of geography" → coined the word

Chinese Culture

viewed the individual as a part of nature

Greek/European Culture

viewed the individual as apart from nature

Geographers faced an enormous task

writing about all aspects of the entire world

TLDR

From 1874 onward, geographers had a great deal to accommodate academically

1874

The Prussian government established geography departments in all Prussian universities

In 1903, the general subject matter was that there had been no real change since Greek times

and a number of different approaches were advocated

There was a fourth principal area of the study added

spatial analysis

Founded a German school of Landschaftskunde

"landscape science/geography"

1939 publication of The Nature of Geography by the American Richard Hartshorn argued forcefully for geography as the study of religions

areal differentiation