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Human landscapes
________ and cultures resulted primarily from physical geography reducing the need to think about economics, politics, societies, and so forth.
Physische Geografie
In ________ (1802), Kant asserted that geography and history together comprise all knowledge.
Abraham Ortelius
________ produced the first modern atlas in 1570 that ran into 41 editions by 1612.
Immanuel Kant
________ (1724- 1804) taught at the University of Königsberg and is best known for his work in logic and metaphysics.
Possibilism
________ corresponded to the historically popular view that every event is the result of individual human decision- making.
Alexandrian Ptolemy
________ summarized most mathematical traditions in his eight- volume Guide to Geography and produced a world map including a grid system that includes mapping procedures still used today.
Al Idrisi
________ wrote a book on world geography that corrected many of Ptolemys errors.
Ibn Battuta
________ is described as one of the best- known travelers who journeys extensively in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Khaldun
________ was a historian who wrote at length about the relations between humans and the environment.
Hipparchus
________ devised a grid system of imaginary lines on the earths surface mapping longitude and latitude.
Bernhardus Vareniuss
In 1650, ________ (1622- 50) Geographia Generalis remained the standard geographic text for at least a century.
Aerial photography
________ and both infrared and satellite imagery help facilitate data acquisition.
Canada
________ established a partial department of geography at the Univesity of British Columbia in 1923 (12 years before the complete department was established in 1935 in Toronto)
Greeks
The ________ were the first civilization to become geographically mobile and to establish colonies.
Humboldt
________ and Ritter were the first geographers to pay full attention to concept formulation to the derivation of general statements from the detailed factual information available.
fifteenth century
Chinese and Islamic geographies prior to the ________ were roughly comparable to Greek geography.
Strabo
________ summarized literary traditions as encyclopedic descriptions in Geographia.
Schaefer
________ argued that geographers should move away from a simple description in regional studies to a more explanatory framework based on scientific methods such as the construction of theory and the use of quantitative methods.
1817
Die Erdkunde was only partially complete world geography comprising 19 volumes published between ________ and 1859 with topics ranging from interests such as moving from description alone to description and laws.
Gerardus Mercator
________ (1512- 94) was undoubtedly the most influential of the new map- makers.
Mediterranean
Chang Chien discovered the ________ in 128 BCE.
Marco Polo
________ (1254- 1323) was a Venetian who visited China and wrote descriptions of the places he saw.
Navigation
________- assisted exploration aids human geography.
Vidal
________ believed geography should consider both physical geographic impacts on humans and human modification of physical geography.
Sebastian Münster
________ (1488- 1552), a contemporary of Apian, produced Cosmography in 1544, the first major work following the initial burst of European expansion activities that included descriptions of the earths major regions.
Aristotle
________ wrote about possible relationships between latitude, climate, and population density, and speculated about the ideal locations for cities and the conflicts between rich and poor groups.
William Morris Davis
________ (1840- 1934) was a geologist who promulgated the German view that physical geography influenced human landscapes and that geography was essentially a regional science.
Grid systems
________ were prominently in use during the Han Dynasty.
spatial analytic approach
The ________ first became a prime interest of human geographers in the mid- 1950s- 1970.
Varenius
________ provided an explicit definition of geography as the study of the state of the earth, both h physical and human, and also emphasized the need for both detailed description (what he (Bernhardus Vareniuss) called special or particular geography) and generalizations (what he called general or universal geography.
Latitude
________ was calculated by the angle of a suns shadow, but longitude was more difficult due to a lack of resources to measure time precisely.
James Cook
________ made three voyages into the Pacific (1769- 1780)
environmental determinism
Fortunately, ________ is an explicit identification of physical cause and the human effect.
overseas movement
During the early phase of the European ________, science, in general, changed from being a practice controlled by the church to one concerned with the acquisition of knowledge.
Portolano maps
________ were the most practical and depicted a series of radiating lines to correspond to points of a compass.
1903
The establishment of the first North American department of geography, at the University of Chicago in ________, came about at a time when American geography was influenced largely by German scholars.
Peter Apian
________ (1495- 1552) was a map marker and writer who in 1524 published a book that divided the earth into five zones (one torrid, two temperate, and two frigid) and provided notes on each continent and listed major towns.
Geography
________ is an academic discipline that serves society.
Largescale topographic maps
________, showing small areas in considerable detail, became possible with the development of exact survey techniques in eighteenth- century France.
second century BCE
In the ________, Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth.
Greek European Culture
________- viewed the individual as apart from nature.
rise of spatial analysis
The ________ came largely at the expense of the areal differentiation articulated by Hartshorne.
1874
The year ________ marks the formal beginning of geography as an institutionalized academic discipline.
ancient Greek maps
The ________ were drawn by scholars with expertise in astronomy, geometry, and mathematics.
Map making
________ was considered so important that governments began to assume responsibility for the task and in England, the Ordnance Survey was founded in 1791.
Alexander von Humboldt
________ and Carl Ritter were two German scholars who dominated geography in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Regional geography
________ was the most popular focus during the first half of the nineteenth century.
religion of Islam
The ________ was founded in the seventh century CE by the prophet Muhammad /At the same time, Europe was immersed om the Dark Ages.
Human geography
________ is currently a responsible social science with the basic aim of advancing knowledge and serving society.
geographic perspective
Early geography culture differed from a(n) ________.
Eratosthenes
"father of geography" → coined the word
Chinese Culture
viewed the individual as a part of nature
Greek/European Culture
viewed the individual as apart from nature
Geographers faced an enormous task
writing about all aspects of the entire world
TLDR
From 1874 onward, geographers had a great deal to accommodate academically
1874
The Prussian government established geography departments in all Prussian universities
In 1903, the general subject matter was that there had been no real change since Greek times
and a number of different approaches were advocated
There was a fourth principal area of the study added
spatial analysis
Founded a German school of Landschaftskunde
"landscape science/geography"
1939 publication of The Nature of Geography by the American Richard Hartshorn argued forcefully for geography as the study of religions
areal differentiation
Note 
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