CH 10

articulation

place of union between two or more bones, also called joint

hematopoiesis

production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

hemat/o

blood

-poiesis

formation, production

ligaments

connective tissue that surrounds the joint capsule to bind bones to other bones

tendons

connective tissue that binds to bone on either side of a joint

fibers

contractile cells that provide movement of an organ or body part

skeletal muscles

attached to bones and provide the means for movement

voluntary muscles

contract and relax in response to conscious thought

striated muscles

another name for skeletal muscles because they have a striped appearance

smooth muscles

mainly responsible for assisting internal processes

visceral muscles

their movement is not under conscious control, functions under the control of the autonomic nervous system

involuntary muscles

another name for visceral muscles

cardiac muscle

found only in the heart wall

adduction

moves closer to the midline

abduction

moves away from the midline

flexion

decreases the angle of a joint

extension

increases the angle of a joint

rotation

moves a bone around its own axis

pronation

turns the palm downward

supination

turns the palm upward

inversion

moves the sole of the foot inward

eversion

moves the sole of the foot outward

dorsiflexion

elevates the foot

plantar flexion

lowers the foot (points the toes)

short bones

somewhat cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width

irregular bones

the bones the cannot be classified as short or long because of their complex shapes

flat bones

provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs

long bones

regular, well-defined shapes with three main parts

diaphysis

the shaft, or long, main portion of a bone

medullary cavity

is filled with "yellow bone marrow" and is composed mainly of blood vessels and fatty tissue

distal epiphysis, proximal epiphysis

the two ends of bone that provide space for muscle and ligament attachments near the joints

articular cartilage

thin outer layer of cartilage where bones meet to form joints

epiphyseal line (growth plate)

an area of cartilage constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows

compact bone

thick, dense layer of hard bone is called

spongy or cancellous bone

inner layer of porous tissue that is less dense than compact bone is called

periosteum

a dense, white, fibrous membrane, that covers the remaining surface of the bone

osteoblasts

bone-forming cells

trochanter

very large, irregularly shaped process found only on the femur

tubercle

small, rounded process

tuberosity

large, rounded process

condyle

rounded, articulating knob

head

prominent, rounded, articulating end of a bone

foramen

rounded opening through a bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves

fissure

narrow, slitlike opening

meatus

opening or passage into a bone

sinus

cavity or hollow space in a bone

cranium (skull)

8 bones that enclose and protect the brain

fontanels

soft spots on cranium

frontal bone

forms the anterior portion of the skull (forehead)

parietal bone

on each side of the skull just behind the front bone

coronal suture

where each parietal bone meets the front bone

occipital bone

forms the back and base of the skull

temporal bone

on each side of the skull that forms the lower cranium

mastoid process

provides a joint of attachment for several neck muscles

sphenoid bone

located at the middle part of the base of the skill, forms a central wedge that joins with all other cranial bones, holding them together

ethmoid bone

the anterior cranial bone located between the nasal cavity and parts of the orbits of the eyes

mandible

lower jaw bone

mastication

chewing

maxillae

paired upper jawbones

hard palate

roof of the mouth

cleft palate

where the maxillary bones do not fuse properly before birth

nasal bones

forming the shape and the bridge of the nose

lacrimal bones

located at the corner of each eye, thin small bones that form the lacrimal sac and canals

zygomatic bones

cheekbones

vomer

single, thin bone that forms the lower part of the nasal septum

paranasal sinuses

cavities located within the cranial and facial bones

thorax

refers to the entire chest

thoracic cage

rib cage

true ribs

first 7 pairs of ribs

false ribs

five pairs of ribs that are not directly connected to the sternum

floating ribs

last two pairs of ribs that are not joined

vertebrae

26 bones that make up the spine

cervical vertebrae

7 bones that form the skeletal framework of the neck

atlas

1st cervical vertebra

axis

2nd cervical vertebra

thoracic vertebrae

12 bones that support the chest and serve as a point of articulation for the ribs

lumbar vertebrae

5 bones that are situated in the lower back area and carry most of the weight of the torso

sacrum

5 bones that are fused together to form the

coccyx

the tail of the vertebral column that consists of 4 or 5 fragments

intervertebral disks

flat, round structures that separate vertebrae

nucleus puplosus

fibrocartilaginous substance with a gelatinous mass in the center

pectoral girdle

shoulder

clavicle

collarbone

scapula

triangular shoulder blade

humerus

upper arm bone

radius and ulna

two bones that constitute the forearm and articulate at the elbow with the humerus

carpals

wrist bone

metacarpals

five radiating palm bones

phalanges

10 finger bones

pelvic girdle

hip bone

innominate bone

3 bones fused together to form a single hip bone

acetabulum

the deep socket of the hip joint and joins the pubis

femur

largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body

patella

kneecap

tarsals

ankle bones

metatarsals

5 small bones numbered 1 to 5 beginning with the big toe

phalanges

toes

synovial fluid

lubrication fluid that nourished and protects the joint

diarthroses

freely movable joints