Lecture Notes on Matter and Chemical Properties

These flashcards cover key concepts regarding matter, atoms, chemical bonds, reactions, and organic chemistry based on the lecture notes.

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Chemical Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.

Common Living Elements

The most commonly found chemical elements in living things are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

Chemical Compound

A substance containing two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together.

Emergent Properties

New properties that arise in a compound that are not found in the individual elements alone.

Atom Structure

An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.

Proton

A subatomic particle with a charge of +1 and a mass of 1 amu.

Neutron

A subatomic particle with no charge and a mass of 1 amu.

Electron

A subatomic particle with a charge of -1 and a negligible mass.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that determine its reactivity.

Covalent Bond

A bond formed when atoms share electrons.

Ionic Bond

A bond formed when one atom transfers electrons to another, creating charged ions.

Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Ion

An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net electric charge.

Cation

A positively charged ion that forms when an atom loses electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion that forms when an atom gains electrons.

Polar Covalent Bond

A bond where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial charges.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A bond where electrons are shared equally, with no partial charges.

Hydrogen Bond

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in another molecule.

Chemical Reaction

Processes that change substances into new substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds.

pH

A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, reflecting the concentration of hydrogen ions.

Organic Compounds

Molecules that contain carbon and are essential for life processes.

Hydrocarbon

An organic compound consisting only of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Functional Groups

Specific groups of atoms bonded to a carbon skeleton that determine the chemical properties of a molecule.

Enantiomers

Mirror-image isomers that cannot be superimposed on each other, having different biological effects.

Hydrophilic

Substances that are attracted to water and can dissolve in it.

Hydrophobic

Substances that repel water and do not dissolve in it.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The main energy-carrying molecule in cells, consisting of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.