lifespan motor development exam 1 multiple choice questions

What is the research study design in which researchers measure individuals or groups at selected ages and observe them all within a relatively short period of time?

cross sectional

the study of motor behavior in terms of relatively permanent gains in motor skill capacity as a result of practice or experience is called?

motor learning

the change process occurring with the passage of time and leading to loss of adaptability or full function is called?

aging

the study of motor behavior changes as a continuous age-related process is called

motor development

Refers to an increase in size or body mass resulting from an increase in complete, already formed body parts

physical growth

what's the best word to describe newels model of constraints

dynamic

what are the constraint commonly discussed with regard to motor development theories and models?

individual, structural, functional, and environmental

a researcher who explains the onset of a new motor skill as the reinforcement of stimulus-response bonds uses which of the following theoretical perspectives?

informational processing

if a parent or teacher believes an infant cannot walk before the step reflex disappears, then she follows which theoretical viewpoint

maturational

if you follow the dynamical systems perspective, you believe that

behaviors emerge as a result of self-organization

someone who tries to relate the onset of a new motor skill with maturation of the nervous system, skeletal system, or muscular system has which theoretical perspective?

maturational

according to the dynamical systems approach, behavior emerges from the cooperation of subsystems within a context. this is called

self-organization

if a researcher says that walking emerges from the individual, her surroundings, and the goal she is trying to achieve, rather than is driven by a genetic prescription the researcher would most likely agree with what theory?

dynamical systems

you follow the information processing theory of development. you are teaching your preschool class locomotor skills and a smaller boy is having difficulty skipping. based on your theoretical perspective, what should you do?

increase the amount of time he practices the skill and reward good skips

according to the dynamic system approach, movement emerges from the interaction of

individual, environment, and task

what is the scientific discipline that does not typically contribute to theories of motor development

chemistry

the _______ perspective of motor development contends that genetics and heredity have the greatest influence on motor development, and the environment plays a limited role.

maturational

the _________ perspective of motor development has many constraints or systems that exist within the body and outside the body when observing the development of motor skills across the life span

ecological

in the perception-action approach, we cannot study perception independent of movement if our findings are to be ________ _______ that is, applicable to real world movement behavior

ecologically valid

Principles of ______ and _____ act on all movements and movers. as movers become more proficient at skills, they often use these principles to their advantage

motion and stability

what is not associated with newton's second law of motion?

gravity

newton's ____ law of motion states that the acceleration of a person or object is proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass

second

a characteristic of skilled locomotor movements is a familiar pattern known as _____ arm and legg movement

oppositional

with regard to the relationship between rotating limbs and projected objects, which of the following does NOt contribute to optimkal performance of throwing a baseball

elbow and humeral flexion

the ______ refers to the correctly timed sequence of movements an individual uses to perform a skill

open kinetic chain

the two elements that are essential to the open kinetic chain of movement are _____ and _____

sequence and timing

force absorption is another principle of motion. this principle states that to _____ the impact of a reaction force, you must either _____ the amount of time in which the impact occurs or _____ the area over which the impact occurs

decrease, increase, increase

_____ is the concentration point of the earth's gravitational pull on an individual

center of gravity

one major reason motor behaviors change frequently and dramatically throughout childhood is the growth of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous system, which allows a child to ________ and move diferently

produce more force

in most movement skills a _____ relationship exists between force and distance

optimal

when selecting a motor development behavior to maximize force and distance, two key phases of the movement typically exist. these are ______ and _____

preparatory movement, and application of force through a full range of motion

the normal growth curve is S-shaped meaning which of the following

every member of the species has the same pattern of growth, featuring two periods of rapid growth

what grows the fastest in infancy and childhood

head and legs

when do the secondary sex characteristics appear

at a younger age in early maturers than in late maturers

adult men and women tend to have diferent shoulder-to-hip breadth proportions. why does this occur?

boys increase in shoulder breadth during the growth spurt

what are anomalies present at birth called?

congenital defects

what crosses the placental barrier?

oxygen

growth tends to proceed in what direction?

proximodistal and cephalocaudal

the process wherein cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs is called?

differentiation

growth in the fetal stage is by hyperplasia, an increase in the absolute number of cells, and by ______ an increase in the relative siz of an individual cell.

hypertrophy

what occurs in the typical older adult?

the major blood vessels around the heart lose elasticity

where does the ossification of long bones begin?

midshaft

the epiphyseal close at relatively younger ages in which of the following groups

girls and early maturers

what period shows the most rapid increase in subcutaneous adipose tissue

in preadolescence, from 6 to 7 years until 12 to 13 years in both boys and girls

the _____ hormones in particular play a role in promoting skeletal growth

thyroid

the increase in girth in the long bones is called _______ growth

appositional

the _______ _______ hormones in particular play a role in fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates, thus bringinhg skeletal growth to an end.

gonadal, androgen