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What is the neuromuscular junction?
The area where a motor neuron connects with muscle cells.
The primary neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction is __________.
acetylcholine (ACh).
What are muscle spindles?
Proprioceptors that send information to the CNS when a muscle is stretched.
What type of reflex involves only the spinal cord?
Reflexes.
The two descending pathways that carry motor commands are __________ and __________.
The pyramidal system (Lateral corticospinal tract) and extrapyramidal system (Medial corticospinal tract).
What happens when acetylcholine is not released at the neuromuscular junction?
No muscle movement occurs.
Motor units consist of a motor neuron and __________.
all the muscle fibers it connects to.
Which area of the brain processes touch information?
The primary somatosensory cortex.
What is proprioception?
Information about body movement and positions that the brain and spinal cord monitor.
What do Golgi tendon organs do?
Send information to the CNS when a muscle contracts too much.
What is the function of mirror neurons in the premotor cortex?
To analyze others' motor behavior and provide insight into sensorimotor feedback.
What is the main symptom of Parkinson's disease?
Rigidity, muscle tremors, and slow movements.
Damage to the cerebellum can cause trouble with __________.
Rapid movements requiring aim/timing.
What characterizes Huntington’s disease?
It is an inherited progressive neurological disorder involving destruction to the substantia nigra.
Antagonistic muscles act __________ to each other.
opposite.
What type of muscle fibers are primarily responsible for muscle contraction?
Actin and myosin.
Acetylcholine binds to __________ receptors on the muscle for contraction.
nicotinic.
The primary motor cortex is located in the __________ gyrus.
precentral.
The basal ganglia is responsible for __________ voluntary movements.
fine-tuning.
What is the significance of the pyramidal tract?
It controls muscles on the opposite side of the body in peripheral areas.
What is the role of the cerebellum in movement?
Facilitates movements by detecting errors to ensure they occur smoothly.
Muscle contraction can lead to which types of behavioral changes?
Reflexes, movements, and acts.
What treatment option for Parkinson's disease increases dopamine release?
L-DOPA.
Which region of the brain is crucial for initiating motor commands?
Primary motor cortex (MI).
What's the key characteristic of synergistic muscles?
They work together to achieve a movement.
What occurs at the neuromuscular junction when calcium ions enter the axon terminal?
Acetylcholine is released by exocytosis.
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