Foundations of Biology 1 - Comprehensive Study Guide

Flashcards summarizing key concepts and vocabulary from the Foundations of Biology 1 lecture notes.

Cell Theory

Consists of four tenets: 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division. 4. Cells contain hereditary information (DNA).

Selective permeability

The ability of a cell membrane to control which substances can enter or exit the cell.

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio

As cells grow larger, the surface area relative to volume decreases, impacting material exchange.

Covalent Bonds

Chemical bonds involving the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, characterized by strength (200-800 kJ/mol).

Hydrophilic Interactions

'Water-loving' molecules or parts of molecules that are polar or charged and can form hydrogen bonds with water.

Isotonic Environment

Condition where solute concentration is equal inside and outside the cell, resulting in no net water movement.

Facilitated Diffusion

A process of passive transport where molecules cross the membrane with the assistance of transport proteins.

Active Transport

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP) to create or maintain concentration differences.

Hydrophobic Interactions

Association of nonpolar molecules to minimize contact with water, often significant in protein folding and membrane formation.

Buffer Definition

Solutions that resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added, typically involving weak acids and their conjugate bases.