Cytokines (Exam 2)

A cytokine is a chemical messenger that regulates the ______.

immune system

What are the three types of cytokine stimulation?

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

Autocrine means the cytokine acts on the ______.

secreting cell

Paracrine means the cytokine acts on ______.

another cell

Endocrine means the cytokine acts on ______ sites.

farther

Cytokines can be ...

Synergistic, antagonistic, or additive

Cytokine storm occurs when there is an ______ of cytokines.

overabundance

______ by TNF-alpha is a type of cytokine storm.

Hypercytokinemia

What are the major PRO-inflammatory cytokines?

IL-1, 6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha are part of the ______ immune response.

innate

IFN-gamma is part of the ______ immune response.

adaptive

What are the major ANTI-inflammatory cytokines?

TGF-Beta, IL-10, 13, 35

TGF-beta and IL-10 are part of the ______ immune response.

adaptive

Cytokines are involved in ______ rolling/movement via chemotaxis.

leukocyte

Antigen-stimulated T cells have an ______ chain in its IL-2 receptor that creates high affinity.

alpha

Naive T cells only have ______ and ______ chains on their IL-2 receptor.

gamma, beta

IL-2 only activates via its ______ affinity form.

high

IL-2 receptor structure (intermediate and high affinity)

What are some cytokine-caused diseases?

TSS and BSS

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha are ______.

endogenous pyrogens

These cytokines initiate the ______ response.

acute-phase

IL-1 triggers ______ secretion from cells and with TNF-alpha initiates transendothelial migration of ______.

IL-6, neutrophils

IL-6 activates ______ cells and induces differentiation of ______ cells.

T/B, plasma

TNF-alpha mediates the ______ process of RA, Crohn's disease, and other autoimmune inflammatory disorders.

pathological

What is one example of a chemokine?

IL-8

IL-8 plays a major role in chemotaxis of ______ and ______.

neutrophils, activating neutrophils