Bio Test 3

Where are chytrids found?

Freshwater and soil (live in digestive system of some sheep and cattle)

What do chytrids act as?

Can be decomposers, parasites, or mutualists

What kind of spores do chytrids have?

Flagellated spores = zoospores

What are the Mucoromycetes?

Fast growing molds, parasites, commensal symbionts (one benefits, one not affected)

How do mucoromycetes produce?

Some produce zygosporangia (produce sexually)

Why can mucoromycetes survive unfavorable conditions?

They are resistant to freezing and drying

How are mucoromycetes formed?

By the fusion of two gametangia

What is zygosporangia?

A protective coating

What is coenocytic hyphae?

Lack hyphae

What are abuscules?

Symbiotic structures inside plant root cells for transport

Have a distinct type of endomycorrhizae = arbuscular mycorrhizae (look like little trees)

Glomeromycotan

How do glomeromycotan produce?

DON’T reproduce sexually; Produce large, thick-walled asexual spores, have coencytic hyphae (lack septa; mitosis without cytokinesis)

Where do ascomycetes live?

Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats

How do ascomycetes produce?

Produce asexual spores (ascospores) in saclike asci (sac fungi)

Sexual spores produced by ascomycetes

Ascospores

Saclike asci in ascomycetes

Sac fungi

What do ascomycetes form?

Unicellular yeasts to elaborate cup fungi and morels

• 40% = lichens

• Mycorrhizae

• Within plant leaves (endophytes)

• Plant pathogens

What do endophytes do?

Protect against herbivores

How do ascomycetes produce?

Reproduce asexually by producing an enormous number of asexual spores called conidia

Where are conidia produced?

Produced asexually at the tips of specialized hyphae = conidiophores (NOT formed inside sporangia)

What are separate hyphae?

Individual cells

What do basidiomycetes?

Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, mutualists, and plant parasites

What are basidiomycetes good at?

Decomposing lignin, component of wood

What do basidiomycetes form?

Club-like structures called basidia (club fungi)

What is the only diploid part of a mushroom?

Basidia

Life cycle of basidiomycetes

• A long lived dikaryotic- 2 nuclei per cell; coexist, mycelium (septate hyphae)

What do basidiomycetes do in response to environmental stimuli?

• Mycelium reproduces asexually

• Produces basidiocarps

What are basidiocarps?

• Elaborate fruiting bodies

• Ex: mushrooms

• Basidia in a basilica produce sexual spores called basidiocarps

Ecological role of fungi:

• Efficient decomposers

• Symbiotic relationships with plants, animals, and algae

Endophytes

Fungi living inside leaves and other plant parts

• Mostly ascomycetes

• Create toxins that deter herbivores

• Increase tolerance to harsh conditions

• Help defend against pathogens

What do some fungi share with animals?

Their digestive services

What species use the digestive power of fungi by raising them in “farms”?

Ants and termites

Hyphae of fungi develop specialized tips that are rich in _________.

Proteins and carbohydrates

Where are millions of photosynthetic cells held?

In a mass of fungal hyphae (usually unicellular)

Fungal component is most often an ______

Ascomycete

Algae or Cyanobacteria occupy an _______

Inner layer below lichen surface

Can lichens reproduce asexually?

Yes: they can reproduce asexually pretty easily

Lichens

Each partner provides something the other could not obtain on its own

• Algae provide carbon compounds

• Cyanobacteria also produce organic nitrogen

• Fungi provide a safe environment for growth

Soredia

Small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

How do lichens repoduce?

Reproduce asexually by fragmentation

What can the death of lichens mean?

Warning of deteriorating air quality

How many fungal species are parasites or pathogens?

30% of the 100,000 known fungal species

• Chestnut blight (ascomycete)

• Pine pitch canker (ascomycete)

What type of fungi attack food crops and are toxic to humans?

Claviceps purpurea (ascomycete) that grows on rye

• Produce lysergic acid - active ingredient of LSD

General term for a fungal infection in animals

Mycosis

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (a chytrid)

• Parasite of amphibians

• Causes a disease called chytridiomycosis

• Causes lesions and a premature shedding of the top layer of skin, often lethal

In the absence of oxygen, yeasts ferment sugars to _________.

Alcohol and CO2

What can the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae be used to produce?

Insulin- like growth factor

Fungi used to produce antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections

Penicillium (an ascomycete)

Chytridiomycota: Flagellated spores =

Zoospores

Basidiomycota (club fungi): Sexual spores =

Basidiospores

Ascomycota (sac fungi): Sexual spores =

Asexual spores =

Sexual spores = ascospores

Asexual spores = conidia

Traits of animals

• Eukaryotic

• Heterotrophic

• Multicellular

• Lack cell walls

• Nervous tissue

• Muscle tissue

• Bodies held together by structural protein - collagen

• Majority of life cycle diploid - only gametes are haploid

Animals: Eukaryotic

Cells have nuclei and other organelles

Animals: Heterotrophic

Cannot make their own food

• Ingest other organisms

• Internal enzymatic digestion

Animals: Nervous tissue

Respond quickly to external stimuli

Animals: bodies held together by structural proteins

Collagen

Animals: Majority of life cycle diploid- only ______ are haploid

gametes (egg/ sperm)

Tissues are classified into 4 main categories

1. Epithelial- skin/ line organs

2. Connective- ligaments/ tendons

3. Muscle- mobility

4. Nervous- neurons

Epithelial tissue

Covers outside of body and lines the organs and cavities within the body

• Some are excretory- secrete mucus, sweat enzymes, milk

• Some are absorptive- lining of intestine

• Some are receptors- smell/ taste

• Some have cilia or microvilli- extensions of cells

Cells are held together with tight junctions

The shapes of epithelial cells

• Cuboidal

• Columnar

• Squamous

Cuboidal

• Cube- shaped

• Specialized for excretion

• Kidney tubules, glands (thyroid, salivary)

Columnar

• Tall, cylindrical

• Secret digestive enzymes, absorb nutrients

• Goblet cells- secrete mucus for protection

Squamous

• Thin, flat, irregular shape

• Skin, lining of esophagus, blood vessels and epidermis

The arrangement of epithelial cells may be:

• Simple

• Stratified

• Pseudostratified

Simple epithelial cells

• Single layer of cells

• Simple squamous = lining of lungs, blood vessels, urinary tract, male of reproductive tract

• Simple cuboidal = kidney & glands

Simple squamous

Lining of lungs, blood vessels, urinary travy, male reproductive tract

Simple cuboidal

kidneys & glands

Stratified epithelial cells

• Multiple layers of cells

• Stratified squamous = outer layer of skin, mouth, throat

• Surfaces subject to abrasion

Stratified squamous

Outer layers of skin, mouth, throat

Pseudostratified epithelial cells

• Single layer of cells varying length

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar = lining of respiratory passages

  • Cilia beat to keep debris and mucus from entering lungs

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Lining of respiratory passages

All epithelial cells have two different sides:

Apical surface and Basal surface

Apical surface

Faces the lumen (cavity)

Basal surface

Attached to the basil lamina

• dense mat of extra cellular matrix that separates epithelium from underlying tissue

Where is cuboidal epithelium found?

Kidney

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

Digestive

Where is Pseudostratified ciliated columnar found?

Trachea

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

Esophagus

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

Lungs

Connective tissue

• Mainly bind and support other tissues

• Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix

• Matrix consists of a web of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation

• 3 types of fibers:

  • Collagenous

  • Elastic

  • Reticular

Collagenous fibers

Provide strength & flexibility, non-elastic, made of collagen

Elastic fibers

Stretch and snap back to their original length, made up of elastin

Reticular fibers

Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

Two types predominant of connective tissue

• Fibroblasts

• Macrophages

Fibroblasts

Secrete proteins of extracellular matrix

Macrophages

Type of white blood cell in connective tissues, protect against invading pathogens, dispose dead cells (Roaming protectors)

Six types of connective tissue in vertebrates

1. Loose connective tissue

2. Cartilage

3. Fibrous

4. Adipose

5. Blood

6. Bone

Most widespread, all 3 fibers, binds epithelia, holds organs

Loose connective tissue

Cartilage

• Strong and flexible support material

• Collagen fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix

• Cells called chondrocytes are found in small groups in cavities (lacuna)

• Secrete the matrix called condroitin sulfate

Where is cartilage found?

Nose, ears, airways, sternum

What are the cavities in cartilage called?

Lacunae

What are the cells in cartilage called?

Chondrocytes

What do the Chondrocytes secrete?

Chondroitin sulfate

Fibrous connective tissue

• Dense with collagen fibers

• Fibers from parallel bundles

• Found in tendons and ligaments

Where is fibrous connective tissue found?

Tendons and ligaments

Adipose tissue

• Specialized type of loose connective tissue

• Each cell contains a fat droplet that swells and shrinks when energy is stored/ used

• Very small nuclei

• Store energy, insulation, cushioning, protection

Bone

• Mineralized, forms the skeleton

  • Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions

• Osteoblasts

• Stein

• Canaliculi

Osteoblasts

Bone- forming cells, deposit matrix of collagen

Osteon

Concentric layers of mineralized matrix which surround a central canal, contain blood vessels and nerves

Canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal