Biology - Cell Structures and Functions

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary related to cell structures and their functions in biology.

Cell Membrane

A protective layer that surrounds the cell, regulates the exchange of substances between the cell and its environment.

Nucleus

The organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and coordinates activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Ribosomes

Molecular machines in cells that synthesize proteins from amino acids based on genetic instructions.

Mitochondria

Known as the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration by converting glucose and oxygen.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis, converting sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis; consists of rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that processes, sorts, and ships proteins and lipids produced in the ER.

Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport substances within the cell.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that contain enzymes to oxidize fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.