PSYCH Exam2

Depressive Disorder

A group of disorders marked by unipolar depression.

Depression

A low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms.

Bipolar Disorder

A disorder marked by periods of mania and depression.

Mania

A state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have exaggerated beliefs that the world is theirs for the taking.

Anhedonia

Inability to experience any pleasure at all.

Major Depressive Disorder

A disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks with five or more depressive symptoms.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Experiences symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years.

Dysthymic Disorder

Symptoms are mild but chronic.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Symptoms include mood changes and other typical depressive symptoms, as well as physical symptoms of PMS.

Postpartum Depression

Symptoms that can lead up to a year or more impacting the mother-infant relationship, including extreme sadness, despair, and anxiety.

MAO Inhibitors

Medications that work biochemically to slow the body’s production of MAO, leading to a rise in norepinephrine activity.

Tricyclics

Medications that block the reuptake process of serotonin and norepinephrine, allowing them to remain in the synapse longer.

Second-Generation Antidepressants

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) that increase serotonin activity without affecting norepinephrine.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Therapy that seeks to bring unconscious grief into consciousness and work through them.

Bipolar 1 Disorder

A disorder where manic episodes last at least 1 week and may also experience major depressive episodes.

Bipolar 2 Disorder

A history of hypomania and major depressive episodes, with no history of manic episodes.

Cyclothymic Disorder

Numerous periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms for at least 2 years, without symptoms for less than 2 months.

Neurotransmitter Activity

Mania may be related to high norepinephrine and low serotonin activity.

Ion Activity

Improper transport of ions between the outside and inside of a neuron's membrane.

Brain Structure

Abnormalities in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum associated with mood disorders.

Lithium

A metallic element that occurs as a mineral salt, effective in treating Bipolar Disorder.

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIS) & Tricyclics

In the 1950s, what 2 main. kinds of drugs were used to reduce depression?

Behavioral Model of Depression

Number of life rewards related to presence or absence of depression & social rewards are important in decreasing depression

Depression Cognitive Behavioral Models

Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Triad & Martin Seligman Learned Helplessness

Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

what cognitive behavioral model helps people identify and change maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking (challenge automatic thoughts; identify negative thinking and biases)

Martin Seligman Learned Helplessness Theory

what cognitive behavioral model states that when depression occurs, people feel loss of control over life reinforcements (therapists work systematically to increase the number of constructive and pleasurable activities and events in client’s life)

Family-Social Perspective of Depression

decline in social rewards impact depression

people with depression tend to show social deficits including avoiding others

tied to weak or unavailable social support, isolation, and lack of intimacy

Treatments for Family-Social Perspective of Depression

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) & Couple Therapy

Multicultural Perspective of Depression

strong link to gender and depression (woman>men)

depression varies by country

non-Western countries

what countries experience more physical depressive symptoms than cognitive?

Treatments for multicultural perspective depression

-culturally sensitive therapies will address unique issues that minority groups face

-specific training is needed on cultural values and stressors

Mania Symptoms

-abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increase in energy

-inflated self-esteem

-decreased need for sleep

-more talkative than usual

Biological causes of Bipolar Disorder

-neurotransmitter activity

-ion activity

-brain structure

lithium, depakote, & tegretol

treatments for bipolar disorder

Suicide

What is one of the leading causes of death in the world?

Suicide

self-inflicted death in which one makes intentional, direct, and conscious effort to end one’s life.

Subintentional Death

indirect, convert, partial or unconscious

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

(self-harm or self-mutilation) intentionally harming self without intent to die

retrospective analysis as psychological autopsy, talking with individuals who have survived suicide, and taking notes.

How could we study suicide?

Psychological Disorders that go with Suicide:

Depression or Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, PTSD, Panic Disorder, and risk increases with multiple disorders.

Exposure to suicide or suicidal behavior

What could increase suicidal behaviors?

Durkheim’s Sociocultural View

Probability of suicide is determine by how attached one is social groups.

Egoistic

isolated, alienated, nonreligious people

Altruistic

socially well-integrated people

Anomic

inhabitants of personally unstable social environment and structure

Perceived Burdensomeness

belief that one is a burden on others society, “people would be better off if I were gone”

Thwarted Belongingness

feeling of being disconnected and alienated from others

serotonin & abnormalities

Low levels of ___ activity and ___ in depression-related circuits; both aid in production of aggressive feelings and impulsive behavior

Behavioral Struggles

____ are common warning signs of suicide in children

13

Suicide attempts and death is more common after what age?

Risk Factors for Adolescents with Suicide:

Anger and impulsivity, depression, hopelessness, low-self-esteem, developmental and life stressors, developmental and life stressors, bullying, isolation, and discrimination

Risk Factors for Elderly with Suicide:

chronic illness, loss of friends/family, loss of social status, and ethnicity.

Treatments after suicide attempt:

medical care, hospitalization, follow-up care including ongoing therapy and medication therapy

1995

First Suicide Prevention Program was developed in Los Angeles in…

Somatic Featuring Symptoms

• Caused by psychological factors

• Trigger excessive anxiety or concern

• Tend to seek medical care first

Factitious Disorder: Imposed on Self

• Individual presents as il, impaired, or injured

• Deceptive behavior even in absence of rewards

Factitious Disorder: Imposed on Another

• Presents another individual to others as ill, impaired, or injured

• Deceptive behavior is evidence when without rewards 

Factitious Disorders

What disorder do 1% of individuals:

• Received extensive medical treatment as a child

• Grudge against medical professionals

• Employment in medical field

• Poor social support

Conversion Disorder

• 1 or more symptoms that affects motor or sensory function

Specifiers of Conversion Disorder

• weakness or paralysis

• abnormal movement

• swallowing symptoms

• speech symptoms

• attacks or seizures

• anesthesia or sensory loss

Glove Anesthesia

the entire hand extending from fingertips to the wrist, become numb

Conversion Disorder

What disorder usually begins in late childhood to young adulthood and is 2x higher in woman?

Somatic Symptom Disorder

• 1+ physical symptoms that are distressing or causing disruption in life

• Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to somatic symptoms

  • Repetitive and persistent thoughts about symptoms

  • High anxiety

  • Excessive time and energy devoted to health concerns

• Typically occurs more than 6 months

Somatization Pattern

long-lasting physically alignment with no physical basis; often includes pain symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, sexual symptoms, and neurological symptoms

Predominant Pain Pattern

pain source is known/unknown ; may develop after accident or illness that initially causes pain (occurs about 5-7% of individuals)

Causes of Conversion & Somatic Symptom Disorders (Psychodynamic View)

Freud’s early work was to explain “hysterical” symptoms

Underlying emotional conflicts convert into physical symptoms

Two Mechanisms: Primary Gains and Secondary Gains

Causes of Conversion & Somatic Symptom Disorders (Contemporary View)

Disagree with Freud on many points

Agree that patients cary unconscious conflicts from childhood which lead to anxiety

Causes of Conversion and Somatic Symptom Disorders (Cognitive-Behavioral View)

Symptoms are rewarded and maintained through reinforcement (like psychodynamic view, although psychodynamic would view rewards as secondary gains)

Source of communication to express emotions

Not been widely tested and has received little research support

Treatment for Conversion and Somatic Symptom Disorders

• Therapy tends to be last resort

• Focuses on the cause of the disorder (insight, exposure, medication)

• Focuses on the symptoms (education, reinforcement, cognitive restructuring)

Ulcers

lesions that form in wall of stomach

Asthma

narrowing of body’s airway that makes breathing difficult

Insomnia

Difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep

Chronic Headaches

15+ days of headaches a month

Migraines

Severe headaches on one side of the head

Hypertension

chronic high blood pressure

Coronary Heart Disease

blockage of the coronary arteries

Biological Factors that Contribute to Psychophysiological Disorders

• Defects in the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Psychological Factors that Contribute to Psychophysiological Disorders

• Needs, attitudes, emotions, or coping styles may cause individuals to overreact to stressors

Sociocultural Factors that Contribute to Psychophysiological Disorders

• Adverse social conditions produce stress trigger (e.g. Poverty, Discrimination, High crime Areas, etc.)

• Genetic Predispositions

Social Adjustment Rating Scale (1967)

What examines relationships between life stress and onset of illness; linked stressors of various kinds to wide range of physical conditions?

Psychoneuroimmunology

study of the connections between stress, the body’s immune system, and illness

lymphocyte

With Immune System Functioning, stress can slow ___ activity and interfere with the immune system’s ability to protect against illnesses

Norepinephrine and Cortisol

____ and ___ activity, behavioral changes, personality style, and social support influence immune functioning with Immune System Functioning

Relaxation Training

trained to relax their muscles at will, a process that sometimes reduces feelings of anxiety

Biofeedback

patients connected to machinery that gives them continuous readings about their involuntary bodily activities.

Meditations

technique of turning one’s concentration inward and achieving a slightly changed stage of consciousness

Psychological Treatment for Physical Disorders

• Relaxation training

• Biofeedback

• Mediation

• Hypnoss

• Cognitive-behavioral interventions

• Support groups and emotion expression

• Combination approach