Lesson 14.8 notes: Austria, Ottomans, and Russia

What was challenging authority in Austria, The Ottoman Empire, and Russia

Nationalism

Why didn’t the Hapsburg empire industrialize quickly

Rulers didn’t want to change the old ways

What set off reform in Austria

Defeat from France and Sardinia and a need to strengthen the nation

What was the first reform made in Austria

Creation of a constitution and a legislature dominated by German speaking Austrians

Ferenc Deák

Helped create the dual monarchy

What effects did nationalism have on Austria in the early 1900s

It left the government paralyzed and useless

When did Serbia gain autonomy from the Ottomans

1830

When did Greece gain autonomy from the Ottomans

1830s

Why was the Ottoman Empire called “the sick man of Europe”

Because it was weakening and European powers wanted to divide its lands

Why did the fall of the Ottoman Empire lead to WWI

European nations wanted its land

Balkan powder keg

Different nationalities in the Ottoman Empire fought for control

Why did European nations fear Russia

It was a huge country and had lots of natural resources

Why was Russia slow to industrialize

Landowning nobles refused to reform and the middle class was weak

Why didn’t tsars make reforms in Russia

The feared losing the support of nobles

Three pillars of absolutism

1. Orthodoxy

2. Autocracy

3. (Russian) nationality

Russification

Movement of the government trying to build a Russian nationality

effects of Russification

Made nationalism an even bigger problem

Why did defeat in the Crimean war create a need for reform

Is revealed Russia as weak

Why did emancipation of the serfs in Russia create problems

The economy wasn’t ready to have that many people and former serfs had no where to live or work

Zemstvos

Elected assemblies that were responsible for roads, schools, and agriculture on a local level

Reforms made by Alexander II after Crimean war

• Zemstvos

• Trial by jury

• Reformed military

• Eased censorship

• Encouraged industry

why did Alexander III return to oppression

His father was assassinated

What did Alexander III do to increase oppression

• Used secret police

• Added censorship

• Exiled critics to Siberia

• Russification

Pogroms

Violent mob attacks on jews

When did Russia finally industrialize

Late 1800s

How did the Russian govt encourage economic development

Built railroads (Trans-Siberian Railway)

What factors led to the communist revolution in Russia

Discontent in working class

Bloody Sunday

Massacre of citizens by troops in response to a peaceful protest march

Father George Gapon

Organized peaceful march to show the tsar the struggles of the people

What effect did Bloody Sunday have on Russia

Showed the people that the tsar doesn’t care about them; makes them loose faith in the tsar

What reforms did tsar Nicholas make in Russia after Bloody Sunday

• Created a constitution

• Brought back the Duma

Why was the first duma dissolved

They criticized the government

Who did Nicholas appoint as prime minister

Peter Stolypin

What did Stolypin do to make order in Russia

• Used secret police

• Increased pogroms

• Increased executions

• Created moderate reforms to regain peasant reform

Why did the dual monarchy solve problems in Austria

Only created two states

Why did Russia want the Crimean peninsula

It was a warm water port