alkaloids pt. 1

Alkaloids

is commonly used to designate basic heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active

Alkaloids

alkali- like

Alkaloids

Rare in lower plants

Alkaloids

Dicots are more rich in__than Monocots

Apocynaceae

Rubiaceae

Solanaceae

Papaveraceae

FAMILIES RICH IN ALKALOIDS

Dogbane Family

Apocynaceae common name

Coffee Family, Bedstraw Family

Rubiaceae common name

Nightshades

Solanaceae common name

Poppy Family

Papaveraceae common name

Rosaceae

Labiatae

FAMILIES FREE IN ALKALOID

Rose Family

Rosaceae common name

Mint Family

Labiatae common name

Primary amines

R NH- 2

Secondary amines

R2 -NH

Tertiary amines

R3 -N

Norephedrine

Primary amines example

Ephedrine

Secondary amines example

Atropine

Tertiary amines

d-Tubocurarine

Quaternary ammonium salts example

basic

Saturated hexacyclic amines is more __ than aromatic amines

genus of the plant

plant species

common name

name of the discoverer

physiological action

prominent physical character

NOMENCLATURE

alcohol.

Both alkaloidal bases and their salts are soluble in

organic solvents , water

the bases are soluble in __and insoluble in __

soluble, sparingly soluble

Salts are usually__ in water and, ___ in organic solvents.

quinine monosulphate

Salts insoluble in water:

lobeline and apoatropine hydrochlorides soluble in chloroform

Salts soluble in organic solvents:

crystalline solids, few are amorphous.

Most of the alkaloids are (what characteristics)

coniine, nicotine, and sparteine

these few amorphous are which lack oxygen in their molecules, are liquids.

pyrrolidine, tropane, pyrrolizidine

alkaloid class of ornithine

ornithine

biosynthetic precursor of pyrrolidine and tropane, pyrrolizidine

pyrrolidine

tropane

piperidine and quinolizidine

alkaloid class of lysine

lysine

biosynthetic precursor of piperidine and quinolizidine

acetate

other term for lysine

piperidine

pyrrolizidine

isoquinoline

alkaloid class of tyrosine

tyrosine

biosynthetic precursor of isoquinoline

isoquinoline

indole

alkaloid class of tryptophan

indole

biosynthetic precursor of tryptophan

indole

Pyridine and piperidine

Tropane

Quinoline

Isoquinoline

Indole

Imidazole

Purine

Steroidal

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE RING STRUCTURE OR NUCLEUS OF THE CHIEF ALKALOID GROUP IN THE PLANT DRUG

• Phenylalanine, 

• Tyrosine, 

• Tryptophan, 

• Histidine, 

• Anthranilic Acid, 

• Lysine, 

• Ornithine

The amino acids that most often serve as alkaloidal precursors include

Pyridine

A tertiary base

Pyridine

Upon reduction it is converted into the secondary base, piperidine

piperidine

Pyridine: Upon reduction it is converted into the secondary base

lobeline

areca

nicotine

3 subgroups: Pyridine

lobeline from lobelia

derivatives of piperidine, including

arecoline hydrobromide from areca

derivatives of nicotinic acid, including

nicotine from tobacco

derivatives of both pyridine and pyrrolidine

Swiss chemist Trier

he proposed that nicotine was biosynthesized from nicotinic acid and proline.

Nicotine

is primarily a product of root metabolism, but the formation of small amounts

Nicotine

 is bound to an ion exchange resin in a chewing gum base as a temporary aid to the cigarette smoker seeking to give up smoking

Nicorette

of nicotine replacement therapy that mimics the effects of smoking.

Areca, areca nut, or betel nut

other name of areca

Areca

is the dried, ripe seed of Areca catechu Linne

India

is a major producer of areca, but its production is mostly consumed domestically

Areca

is mixed with lime, the leaves of Piper betle Linne’

Areca

The mixture is used as a stimulant masticatory in India and the East Indies.

"punsupari.”

is a traditional Indian preparation that includes areca nut and betel leaf, commonly used as a form of chewing stimulant.

Taenicide

A type of drug used to treat infections caused by tapeworms.

Stimulant Masticatory

Nganga is consumed, why?

Arecoline

the most abundant and physiologically most active alkaloid, is a liquid. 

arecaidine methyl ester

a derivative of arecoline, known for its stimulant properties and potential therapeutic effects.

Arecaidine

N-methyl guvacine

Guvacine

tetrahydronicotinic acid

Guvacoline

guvacine methyl ester

N-methyl guvacine

Arecaidine

tetrahydronicotinic acid

Guvacine

guvacine methyl ester

Guvacoline

0.45%.

The total alkaloid content of areca can reach

Areca

is classified as an anthelmintic in veterinary practice and is employed as a vermicide and taenifuge.

2 to 4 g, 4 to 8 g

he usual dose in dogs is ; in sheep, , based on the weight of the animal

Lobelia or Indian Tobacco

Consists of the dried leaves and tops of Lobelia inflata Linne’

1785, 1807

Lobelia or Indian Tobacco: Its emetic properties were first observed in , and the drug was introduced into medicine in _

Emetic Property

The ability of a substance to induce vomiting; often used in medicine to clear the stomach.

Emetic Property

pharmacologic activity of lobeline

nicotine

destroys acetylcholine that the body produces

lobeline

replaces nicotine at the neural receptor sites

acetylcholine

its supply is replenished, without withdrawals