Test 3

Lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a large number of __________.

lymphocytes

Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary ______________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries. 

lipids

_____________________ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels

Collecting ducts

_____________________ drain the lymph in the subclavian veins

Collecting ducts

Which of the following is the correct route of lymph from the tissue to the blood stream?

Lymphatic capillaries, collecting vessels, lymphatic trunks, collecting ducts.

The lymph from the right side of the pelvic cavity is drained by the

thoracic duct.

_________________are large lymphocytes that attack and destroy transplanted tissue, and host cells infected with viruses or that have turned cancerous.

Natural killer (NK) cells

T lymphocytes become fully functional lymphocytes (able to recognize and respond to antigens) in the

thymus

_______________ are very large, avidly phagocytic cells of the connective tissue

Macrophages

____________ are dense clusters of lymphocytes in the ileum, the distal portion of the small intestine.

Peyer patches

The primary lymphatic organs (where the T and B lymphocytes mature) are the

red bone marrow and the thymus.

The principal function of the lymphatic nodes is  

filtration and cleaning of lymph.

Lymph is the main supply of ______________ to the blood stream.

lymphocytes

_________________ are sacs of thin endothelial cells that loosely overlap each other closed at one end.

Lymphatic capillaries

_______________ travel alongside veins and arteries, and at irregular intervals they empty into lymph nodes. 

Collecting vessels

The collecting vessels converge to form nine _____________.

Lymphatic trunks

Which one of the following lymphatic vessels empties in the left subclavian vein?

Thoracic duct

The lymph from the right leg is drained by the 

Thoracic duct

Natural killer (NK) cells are large lymphocytes that attack and destroy transplanted tissue, and host cells infected with viruses or that have turned cancerous. This non-specific defense is called

Immune surveillance

Which of the following is/are NOT lymphatic organs?

Peyer’s patches

The ___________________ remove/s abnormal and worn out red blood cells (erythrocytes). 

Spleen

In _____________________ the region of overlap of endothelial cells acts as a one-way valve, permitting the entry of fluid and solutes.

Lymphatic capillaries

After a meal, lymph draining from the small intestine has a milky appearance because of its _________ contain.

Lipid

Lymphatic capillaries penetrate nearly every tissue of the body, but are absent from the

central nervous system.

There are ________ lymphatic trunks in the human being.

Nine

The cisterna chily collects the lymph from the right and left lumbar trunk and the ______________.

Intestinal trunk

The lymph from the right side of the head is drained by the 

right lymphatic duct.

Before emptying into the left subclavian vein, the thoracic duct receive the lymph from the

left  jugular trunk.

The human body has three lines of defenses against pathogens. The third line of defense is the

specific resistance.

All these are nonspecific resistance except 

natural active immunity.

The granules of ______________ release enzymes that produce a respiratory burst.

neutrophils

_________________secrete chemicals (histamine, heparin, and leukotrienes) that aid mobility and action of other leukocytes.

Basophils

_________________ are branched stationary epithelial cells that contribute to the stroma of a lymphatic organ. 

Reticular cells

_____________ are branched, mobile antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs.

Dendritic cells

_______________ are dense clusters of lymphocytes in the ileum, the distal portion of the small intestine

Peyer patches

The _____________ have/has deep pits called crypts.

tonsils

Which of the following is a nonspecific resistance?

Immune surveillance.

Which of the following is a first line of defenses?

Defensins present in the skin.

Which of the following is a second line of defenses?

Interferon.

Natural killer (NK) cells release ______________, which form a hole in the enemy cell membrane.

perforins

Natural killer (NK) cells release ______________, which degrade enemy cell enzymes.

granzymes

______________ are proteins secreted by lymphocytes and macrophages that trigger the production of antiviral proteins via a second messenger.

Interferons (2)

________________ is the dissolution of the cell by disruption of the cell membrane

Cytolysis

The ability of some leucocytes to adhere to the wall of blood vessels is called 

margination.

_______________ develop from monocytes that have emigrated from the blood stream.

Macrophages

The __________________ kill tapeworms and roundworms by producing superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and toxic proteins.

eosinophils

_____________ is NOT a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation. 

Impaired use

_________________ is the accelerated removal of an antigen from the bloodstream by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes.

Immune clearance

The ability of some leucocytes to crawl thorough the gaps between the endothelial cells is called

diapedesis.

_______________ promote cytotoxic T cell and B cell action and nonspecific resistance. They are the central coordinating agents of nonspecific defense, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity.

Helper T cells

____________ are the “effectors” of cellular immunity that carry out attack on enemy cells.

Cytotoxic T cells 

_______________ are responsible for antibody production.

Plasma cells

Antigen presenting cells present the epitopes attached to special protein membranes called

Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins (MHC proteins).

The region of the antibody that combines with the antigen is called antigen-binding site and is situated on the

variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

_________________________ is the temporary immunity that results from the injection of antibodies from another person or animal.

artificial passive immunity.

______________ do not directly destroy a pathogen but tag them for destruction by other mechanisms. It can only work against the extracellular stage of infectious micro-organisms.

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

____________ inhibit the multiplication and the cytokine secretion of other T cells and thus limit immune response.

Regulatory T cells

_____________ descend from the cytotoxic T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity.

Memory T cells

_______________ employs lymphocytes that directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells.

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

Upon exposure to the same pathogen later in life, memory T cells trigger a quick attack called the 

T cell recall response.

An antibody is a defensive gamma globulin that consists of

two heavy chains and two light chains of aminoacids.  

Vaccination stimulates 

artificial active immunity.

The fetus acquires antibodies from mother through placenta and milk. This is an example of

natural passive immunity.

The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into right and left 

fossae.

The nasal _____________ are three narrow grooves that separate the nasal conchae. 

meatuses.

Which of the following is a passageway for air, food, and drink?

Oropharynx

Which of the following lines the oropharynx? 

Stratified squamous epithelium. 

The ___________________ closes the airway during swallowing. 

epiglottis

The vocal cords stretch from the ________________ in front and the arytenoid cartilage in back.

thyroid cartilage 

The _______________ is situated in the lowermost tracheal region.

carina

The ______________ separates the nasal cavity from the nasopharynx.

posterior nasal aperture

The larynx is a cartilaginous chamber that begins under the _____________.

hyoid bone

Which of the following lines the nasopharynx? 

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (N)

Which of the following lines the nasal cavity? 

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.   (C)

Which of the following make up the nasal septum?

Vomer and ethmoid bone.

The mucociliary escalator is a mechanism that moves debris-laden mucus from the _____________ to the pharynx to be swallowed. 

trachea

Every primary bronchus ventilates one _____________.

lung

Every secondary bronchus ventilates one _______

pulmonary lobe

All bronchi are lined with a 

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.  

Which of the following belong/s to the conducting division of respiratory system?

Terminal bronchioles.

Which of the following belong/s to the respiratory division of respiratory system?

Alveoli.

A _________ lines the trachea.

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

In the right lung, the main or primary bronchus gives off three branches called

secondary or lobar bronchi

 There is no ___________________________ in humans. 

left middle lobar (secondary) bronchus

Which of these correctly traces the air flow from the terminal bronchiole to the alveolus? 

Terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, atrium, alveolus.

Which of the following is present in the alveoli of lungs? 

Simple squamous epithelium.

The respiratory membrane consists of

alveolar squamous epithelial cells, capillary endothelial cells, and a shared basement membrane. 

The __________________secrete a phospholipid-protein mixture called the pulmonary surfactant.

great alveolar cells (type II)

The ___________________________is the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm and produces a respiratory rhythm of 12 breathings per minute.

entral respiratory group (VRG)

The physical movement of air in and out the lungs is produced by the pressure-volume relationships in the lungs. The ____________ establishes that the volume is inversely proportional to the pressure.

Boyle’s law

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing (500 mL) is referred as

tidal volume.

Systemic gas exchange is the

unloading of O2 and loading of CO2 at the systemic capillaries.

The blood transports more O₂ in the form of __________________ than in any other form. 

oxyhemoglobin

Most of the carbon dioxide (70 %) is transported in the blood as

bicarbonate ion (HCO₃^- ).

In alveolar gas exchange, loading of O₂ releases _________ from the deoxyhemoglobin, which bind help in CO₂ unloading.    

Hydrogen protons (H⁺)

In the chloride shift, __________ diffuses from the plasma to the interior of the RBC (erythrocyte) and Cl^- diffuses outside the RBC (erythrocyte).  

Bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) 

The _________________ is the air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort  (1200 mL).

expiratory reserve volume.

The _________________ is the air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort  ( 1900 - 3100 mL).

inspiratory reserve volume.

The __________________ is the air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration (1300 mL).

residual volume.

The _________________  is the total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort (4700mL).

vital capacity.