RT211 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system / cardiovascular system

Is the transportation system of the body.

• The pulmonary

• The Systemic

COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

There are actually two parts:

The Pulmonary

That conveys blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

The Systemic

That carries blood from the heart to all body tissues and cells (except some parts of the lungs) and back to heart.

• The Heart

• Arteries

• Arterioles

• Capillaries

• Venules

• Veins

• Lymphatic vessels and nodes

• Reticuloendothelial tissues

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

The Heart

Is a muscular pump that propels blood either to the lungs or to other body tissues.

The Arteries

Are distributing vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart.

• Aorta

• The Pulmonary Trunk

Example of ARTERIES:

Aorta

to all body tissues

The Pulmonary Trunk

to the lungs

Arterioles

Are small final branches of the smallest arteries, and are present in all tissues that are supplied with the blood.

Capillaries

Are very minute microscopic hairlike vessels that form networks between the smal

Arterioles and venules.

• blood - tissue constituents - capillary walls

CAPILLARIES FUNCTION:

Exchange of _________ and ________________________ takes place through the ________________.

Venules

Are the smallest veins and correspond to the arterioles.

Veins

Are collecting vessels that brings blood back to the heart.

Superior Vena Cava

Drains upper half of the body.

Inferior Vena Cava

Drain lower half of the body.

Four Pulmonary Veins - (2 from each lung)

Drains the lungs, all emptying into the heart.

• Lymph

• Lymph Capillaries

• Lymph Vessels

• Lymph Nodes

• Trunk of Lymph Vessels are:

  • Thoracic Duct

  • Right Lymph Duct

LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND NODES:

Lymph

Is a colorless fluid that collects in lymphatic vessels.

Lymph Capillaries

Minute vessels which begins as very small vessels.

Lymph Vessels

Are formed by the union of capillaries that unite to form larger and larger vessels.

Lymph Nodes

Are connected with the larger lymph vessels.

• Thoracic Duct

• Right Lymph Duct

TRUNK LYMPH VESSELS ARE:

Thoracic Duct

Draining whole body except the upper right.

Right Lymph Duct

Draining the right upper limb, right thorax, and right side of head and neck.

The Lymphatics

Form a second collecting system.

• Bone Marrow

• Lymph Nodes

• Spleen

• Liver

• Thymus Gland

Reticuloendothelial structures:

• Tunica Intima

• Tunica Media

• Tunica Adventitia

STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS:

Tunica Adventitia

Outer layer

Tunica Media

Middle Coat

Tunica Intima

Internal Coat or Layer

Tunica Intima

Layer of flat cobblestone-like cells that form a lining membrane, with connective tissue and elastic tissue.

Tunica Media

A layer of visceral muscle, the fibers encircling the vessel, with considerable elastic tissue as well.

Tunica Adventitia

A layer of connective tissue outside the middle coat

• Apex

• Base

• Sternocostal Surface
  Diaphragmatic Surface

THE HEART:

• Cardia

• Heorte

• Kardia

• Cor

THE HEART:

(NA) -

(AS) -

(G) -

(L) -

Apex

bluntly pointed end that is directed to the left anteriorly.

Base

the broad end that is directed to the right, posteriorly and cranially to the right of the right sternal border.

Sternocostal surface

lies posterior to the sternum

Diaphragmatic surface

rest upon the diaphragm

• 3 coverings forming its wall

• A septum

• 4 Chambers or Cavities

• 11 openings

• 4 sets of functioning valves

The heart has how many parts?

Endocardrium

this layer forms the lining membrane of the heart.

Myocardium

muscular layer of the heart and consists of a special type of muscle found only in the heart, cardiac muscle.

Visceral Pericardium or epicardium

thin covering and is applied to the outer surface of the muscular layer.

• Visceral layer

• Parietal layer

Two types of Serous pericardium

Serous pericardium

• Visceral layer

• Parietal layer

Visceral layer

Outer covering of the heart

Parietal layer

Forms the lining of a sac that encloses the heart.

Fibrous pericardium

A thick layer of fibrous connective tissue.

Fibrous pericardium

Surrounds the parietal pericardium to form the outer layer of the pericardial sac.

Pericardial sac

is a bag with the heart within it, consisting of the parietal serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium.

Pericardial cavity

is a potential space between the inner surface of the pericardial sac and the visceral pericardium.

• Left Atrium

• Right Atrium

• Left Ventricle

• Right Ventricle

THE FOUR CHAMBERS OF CAVITIES OF THE HEART:

Interatrial septum

is that part of the partition between the right and left atria.

Interventricular septum

is the partition between the right and left ventricles.

The left atrioventricular opening (ostium)

is the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle

The right atrioventricular opening (ostium)

is the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle.

The auricles

are two ear shaped pouches, one forming part of each atrium.

Conusarteriosus

prominent anterior part of the right ventricle where it opens into the pulmonary trunk.

Coronary sulcus

is a groove on the surface of the heart marking the junction of the atria and the ventricles. It completely encircles the heart.

Interventricular sulci

anterior and posterior are the grooves where the ventricles meet each other anteriorly and posteriorly.

• Right Atrioventricular opening

• Left Atrioventricular opening

• Pulmonary opening

• Aortic Opening

• Opening of the inferior vena cava

• Opening of the superior vena cava

• (First) Right pulmonary Vein

• (Second) Right pulmonary Vein

• (First) Left pulmonary Vein

• (Second) Left pulmonary Vein

• Opening of the coronary sulcus

There are eleven openings into or within the heart:

• Left atrioventricular valve or mitral or bicuspid valve

• Right atrioventricular valve or tricuspid valve

• Aortic valve

• Pulmonary valve

THE VALVES OF THE HEART:

• right - left coronary arteries - first branches of the aorta

• coronary sulcus - interventricular grooves - surface - heart - en route

BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE HEART:

• The _____ and _______________, the ____________________, supply blood to the heart.

• These vessels run along the _______________ and the __________________ on the _________ of the _______ giving off branches “________”

Cardiac veins

drain blood from the cardiac capillaries.

Coronary sinus

is a large vein that lies in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus. It empties into the right atrium. It collects blood from most of the cardiac veins.

• Conducting Apparatus - node - right atrium - impulses - contraction

CONDUCTING APPARATUS AND NERVES OF THE HEART:

• A special __________________ consisting of a ______ in the wall of the ___________ initiates the __________ for __________ of the heart.

Sympathetic nerve fibers

when stimulated increase the heart rate.

Two vagi nerves (10th cranial)

Sympathetic nerve fibers has?

Two vagi nerves (10th cranial)

stimulation of them slows the heart rate.

• Systole

• Diastole

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART

Systole

is the contracting phase of the heart

Diastole

is the dilation phase of the heart

Right ventricle -→ Pulmonary Trunk -→ Right and left pulmonary arteries -→ -→lung capillaries -→ two right and two left pulmonary veins -→ left atrium

THE PULMONARY VESSELS AND CIRCULATION cycle:

__________ -→ __________ -→ __________ -→ __________ -→ __________ -→ __________

• Left ventricle -→ Aorta -→ Branches → Capillaries -→ Tributaries of -→ Superior and interior vena cava -→ Right atrium

__________ -→ __________ -→ __________ -→ __________ -→ __________ -→ __________ -→ __________ -→ __________

AORTA

Trunk artery of the systemic of general circuit.

• Ascending aorta

• Aortic arch

• Descending thoracic aorta

• Abdominal aorta

AORTA parts:

• Right Coronary Arteries

• Left Coronary Arteries

BRANCHES OF ASCENDING AORTA:

• Brachiocephalic Trunk

• The right Subclavian Artery

• The left common carotid Artery

BRANCHES OF THE AORTIC ARCH:

• The right common carotid Artery

• The right external carotid Artery

• The right internal carotid Artery

parts of Brachiocephalic Trunk:

• Axillary artery

• Vertebral artery

Part of the right subclavian artery:

• External carotid artery

• Internal carotid artery

Part of the left common carotid artery:

• Mediastinal

• Esophageal

• Pericardial

• Intercostal

• Superior phrenic

• One right and two bronchial arteries

BRANCHES OF THE DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA:

• Paired branches

• Unpaired branches

BRANCHES OF ABDOMINAL AORTA:

• Inferior phrenic arteries

• Middle suprarenal arteries

• Renal arteries

• Ovarian and

• Testicular arteries

• Lumbar arteries

Types of the paired branches:

• Celiac Trunk (celiac axis)

• Superior Mesenteric Artery

• Inferior Mesenteric Artery

• Middle Sacral Artery

Types of Unpaired branches:

Celiac Axis

Celiac Trunk also known as?

• Gastric

• Splenic

• Common Hepatic

• Arteries

Types of Celiac Trunk:

• Left common iliac artery

  • Left internal iliac artery

  • Left external iliac artery

• Right common iliac artery

  • Right internal iliac artery

  • Right external iliac artery

TERMINAL BRANCHES OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA

BLOOD

carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste. It’s like the delivery truck of the body.

• Right and left brachiocephalic Vein

Superior Vena Cava:

• Internal jugular vein

• Subclavian vein

Right and left brachiocephalic Vein:

• Axillary vein

• External jugular veins

• Vertebral vein

Subclavian vein:

• right side of the mediastinum

• intercostal

• esophageal

• pericardial

• intercostal

• right bronchial veins

Azygos vein consist of:

• Hemiazygos vein

• accessory hemiazygos vein

two of Azygos vein:

• Common iliac vein (R and L)

• Abdominal tributaries

Inferior vena cava:

• Internal iliac vein (R and L)

• External iliac vein

Common iliac vein (R and L):