HG SA 4.7-4.10 MC

what are geopolitics?

what are geopolitics?

study of effects on geography on international relations/politics with a specific focus on specific factors that influence the power and behavior of states.

what is the sea power theory by Mahan?

importance or naval and maritime strength to achieve national strength and power

what is the heartland theory but Mckinder?

whoever controls central Eurasia can control the rest of the world

what is the organic theory by Ratzel and its relation to lebensraum?

view of states like natural organisms that need territorial expansions, and have their geographic space as their habitat and territorial needs.

• lebensraum

Hitler used as his “playbook” means living space and was used to justify his expansion into other countries

what is the pan regions theory by Haushofer and its relation to SCO?

idea that geopolitical power is focused on certain regions and that global influence depends on whoever controls or cooperates within these regions

SCO- shangai cooperation organization

involves countries like china, Russia, and central Asian nations and is example of cooperation in Eurasia- corroborates Haushofers idea of cooperation leading to success.

What is the Rimland theory by Spykman?

opposed makinders heartland theory, instead suggests that power of world domination relies on those who control strategic coastal areas as opposed to the interior heartland.

what is the air power theory by seversky and its relation to the gulf war?

a strategic concepts that emphasizes the importance of using air forces/ aerial tech to achieve military objectives.

Gulf war

this war showcased transformative power of us where us +allies used air superiority to control the skies, neutralize enemy force and achieve strategic objectives in short period.

what is a force multiplier?

a capability that amplifies the original effectiveness of something

what is the world systems theory by Wallerstein and its relation to core-periphery and semi periphery countries.

social science theory that categorizes countries into three different groups. Core- economically developed, semi-periphery- intermediate, periphery- less economically developed

what is economic interdependence

the mutual dependence on groups of countries for economy, trade, and financial stability

what is global exploitation?

the unequal use of global resources often associated with political dominance of one country over another like with core-periphery

what’s the domino theory by Eisenhower and the vietnam war and the cold war?

idea that one country falling to communism may cause others to fall as well.

the Vietnam war and the US’s involvement was driven by the fear of the potential domino theory, exemplifying its impact. As well as the cold war to prevent the spread of communism

what is a shatterbelt?

a region where political, cultural, and economic forces are in constant conflict and competition

what is a federal state and example?

a form of government characterized by a division of powers between a central government and regional ones (america)

what is a unitary state and example?

a political state that is concentrated in a central government and its regional entities have limited autonomy (france, turkey)

what is annexation?

the incorporation of a states territory into another, usually involves taking the sovereignty of the annexed state

what is devolution?

the transfer of powers from a central government to regional/local governments

what is ethnic separatism and ethnic cleansing?

advocacy of one group to seek recognition and a sovereign state for their nation

the violent and systematic extermination of an ethnic, religious, and cultural group from an area

what is terrorism?

use of violence and intimidation to achieve political, ideological objectives.

what is irredentism?

a political or national movement to recover land historically or ethnically related to ones nation but under the control of another state. (nazi germanys claim on the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia.

what is a autonomous region

defined area within a state that has a high degree of self governance (puerto rico, and scotland)

what is an semi-autonomous region

moderate degree of self governance, falls between subordination to central gov and self governance.

What is balkanization

the process of breaking up a region or state into smaller states, often ethnically defined independent entities. (former yugoslavia)

what is globalization

the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of international states

what supranational organizations?

international organizations that are formed by multiple entities with the aim or pursuing a common goal that transcends nations boundaries.

what are the goals of the UN, NATO, EU, USMCA, ASEAN, Arctic Council, WTO, and OPEC?

un- promote peace, security cooperation among member states (1945)

NATO- military alliance formed by western countries in 1949

EU- a political and economic union of European countries that wants to promote economic integration and cooperation

USMCA- a trade agreement between US, Mex., Can. to replace NAFTA

ASEAN- a regional intergovernmental organ. comprising 10 SE asian countries that promote political and economic cooperation

Arctic Council- an intergovernmental forum addressing issues related to arctic region that include environmental protection and sustainable development.

WTO- an international organization that regulates and facilitates global trade negotiations and dispute resolution

OPEC- a cartel of oil producing countries that aims to coordinate and unify petroleum politices to stabilize oil markets

What are transnational corporations?

large companies that operate in multiple countries often with HQ in one country and production and services in others

What is Democratization?

process of transitioning to a more democratic political system, often involving expansion of politicla freedom and participation

What is time-space compression?

idea the tech advancements in transportation and communication have reduced relative distance between places making world seem smaller.

What are the examples of physical, social, political, and economic devolutionary factors (4/5)?

devolutionary factors are factors that influence the decentralization of government in a nation

physical-

divisions of groups based on geographical features that can lead to regional separatism. distance between places can create different cultural identities and eventually lead to ethnic separatism based on the distance between the central gov and a group. (Scotland, and Catalonia)

economic and social problems-

issues such as economic disparities or social unrest can contribute to devolutionary pressures. (Yugoslavia’s dissolution/ economic issues arose and social tensions heightened among various ethnic groups)

Irredentism- claims of ownership from one country to another due to historical ties. (Crimea from Ukraine into Russia)

impact of such processes-

(Brexit and EU)

What is federal government and its impact?

characterized by division of powers between central and subnational govs. (exhibit decentralized spatial organ. power is distributed among various regions/states)

EX: Us has fed gov and individual states gov- fed gov carries out constitution laws while everything else is left up to states. decentralized spatial organization reflect diverse needs of space

What is unitary gov and its impact?

have a central form of government where authority is concentrated at national level. - top-down approach for spatial organization. originate from central gov and extend uniformly across territory

EX: France: french gov hold significant authority and decision made at national level are uniformly carried out all throughout the state. top-down spatial organization

What does a mixture of fed and unitary gov look like?

has features of both systems

EX) India-fed state with dual system of government. strong central gov but states also have their own govs with specified powers. However some emphasize the states powers more than other creating uneven spatial organization of authority, some states soley rely on national level gov while others have state authority as well.