Anatomy, Physiology, and Foundations of Modern Medicine CH 1

What is anatomy?

The study of form.

What are the methods used in physical examination?

palpation (feeling lymph nodes), auscultation (listening to lungs), percussion (tapping and listening), and gross anatomy (visible with the naked eye).

Who is considered the father of medicine and what did he advocate?

Hippocrates, who urged physicians to seek the cause of disease.

What significant contributions did Aristotle make to medicine?

He called disease causes physiological and emphasized the complexity of structures built from simpler parts.

What was Galen's approach to science?

He viewed science as a method of discovery and conducted animal dissections due to the ban on cadaver use.

What did Vesalius publish in 1543?

He published a gross anatomy atlas.

Who was Avicenna and what did he write?

A Muslim scholar who wrote 'The Canon of Medicine'.

What did William Harvey discover in 1628?

He realized that blood flows from the heart and back.

What is physiology?

The study of bodily functions using methods of experimental science.

What is comparative physiology?

The study of differences in bodily functions across different species.

What did Leeuwenhoek invent?

The simple microscope, capable of 200x magnification.

What did Hooke develop, improve, and describe?

He developed and improved the microscope and described plant cell walls

What did Schleiden and Schwann conclude?

All living things are made of cells

What is the first tenet of cell theory?

All organisms are composed of cells.

What were the first seen cells?

Plant cell walls in a section of dried cork

What did early pioneers of science establish?

A scientific way of thinking based on natural laws

What is gene therapy?

Using genes to treat or prevent disease

What is the significance of the scientific method?

It produces reliable, objective, and testable information about nature.

What is a good hypothesis?

A hypothesis that is consistent with known facts and is testable.

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

To provide a baseline for comparison with the treatment group.

Treatment group in an experiment?

the group that receives the treatment

What is a sample size in an experiment?

the number of individuals in your experiment

Experimenter bias

a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

Statistical Testing

provides statement of probability that treatment was effective

What is peer review in scientific research?

A critical evaluation by experts in the field prior to funding or publication.

What is a scientific fact?

A verified observation about nature.

Law of Nature

a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

What is the theory of natural selection?

The theory that species originate and change over time through natural selection.

What is evolution in biological terms?

The change in genetic composition of a population over time.

Allele

Different forms of a gene

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

Heterozygous

having two different alleles for a trait

What are adaptations?

Inheritable characteristics that provide advantages under selection pressure.

Characteristics of life

organization, cellular composition, excertion, metabolism, responsiveness/movement, development, reproduction, evolution, homeostasis

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of stable internal conditions regardless of external changes.

Who coined the term homeostasis?

Walter Cannon

What is a negative feedback loop?

A mechanism that reverses a change to maintain homeostasis.

What role do receptors play in feedback loops?

sense changes in the environment.

What is the integrator in a feedback loop?

The control center that responds to changes detected by receptors.

What is the effector's role in maintaining homeostasis?

structures that restore homeostasis.

blood pressure control

Circulatory stretch receptors in the muscle walls of the blood vessel detect a rise in BP

Cardiac center in brainstem sends out nerve signals

Heart rate is slowed and BP lowered

structure feedback loop

* receptor- senses change

*Integrator- control center that responds

* Effector- structures that restore homeostasis

positive feedback loop

feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction

Life-threatening fever

Temperature > 108 degrees F

increases metabolic rate

body produces heat even faster

Cycle continues to reinforce itself

Becomes fatal at 113 degrees F

Anatomical Terminology

a set of vocabulary used by health professionals to refer to parts, regions, directions, and planes on the human body from greek and latin roots

Cell Theory

activity of cells determine structure and function

hierarchy of structure

levels of complexity

unity of form and function

Anatomy and physiology complement each other and cannot be divorced from one another

Radiography (X-rays)

- William Roentgen's discovery in 1885

- Penetrate tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body

- Dense tissue appears white

- Over half of all medical imaging

CT scan (computed tomography)

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. Scans show brain anatomy.

PET scan (positron emission tomography)

A brain-imaging technique that reveals activity in various parts of the brain, based on patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption.

Sonography

use of sound waves to produce diagnostic images; also called ultrasound