Musculoskeletal System: Bones, Joints, and Marrow (Lecture Notes)

Flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture notes: bone structure (periosteum, compact vs spongy bone, medullary cavity, endosteum), bone marrow (red vs yellow), bone types (long, short), joints and connective tissues (ligaments, tendons, bursae, synovial fluid), basic movement terms (abduction, adduction, circumduction), skeletal anatomy (axial vs appendicular, skull sutures, vertebral regions, ribs, sternum/xiphoid, pectoral girdle, upper/lower extremities), and common bone terminology and combining forms.

What is the tough fibrous tissue that forms the outer surface of a bone?

Periosteum.

What does the prefix peri- mean, and what does the root oste- mean?

Peri- means surrounding; oste- means bone.

What is the dense, hard outer layer of bone called?

Compact bone (also known as cortical bone).

What bone is porous, sponge-like, and located inside bones?

Spongy bone (trabecular bone); it is lighter and contains red bone marrow.

Where is red bone marrow primarily located?

In the ends and inner portions of long bones, and in the pelvis, ribs, and vertebrae.

What are long bones? Give examples.

The major bones of the arms and legs; examples include the femur and humerus.

What are short bones, and where are they found?

Bones of the wrist and ankle; roughly cube-shaped.

What marrow gradually replaces red bone marrow with age?

Yellow bone marrow.

What lines the medullary (marrow) cavity and what does it contain?

Endosteum; it contains fatty yellow bone marrow.

What lubricates and fills the joint cavity?

Synovial fluid.

What connects bone to bone?

Ligament.

What connects muscle to bone?

Tendon.

What is the combining form for ligament?

Ligamento- (as a combining form).

What is the combining form for bursa?

Bursa-.

What are the three combining forms for tendons?

Tendo-, tendino-, and teno-.

What are the two combining forms for joints?

Arthro- or articulo-.

What are the three movements abduction, adduction, and circumduction? Define each.

Abduction: movement away from the midline; Adduction: movement toward the midline; Circumduction: movement in a circular direction.

What is the outer surface covering of the ends of bones at joints?

Articular cartilage.

What is the bones’ framework called, and what are the two major skeletal divisions?

The skeleton; axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

What combining form is used for the skull or cranium?

Cranio-.

How many cranial bones form the brain case, and what is their common feature?

Eight cranial bones; they enclose and protect the brain, eyes, and ears; sutures are immovable joints between them.

What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal.

What is the rib-drawing combining form, and what connects ribs to the sternum?

Costo-; ribs attach to the vertebral column and the sternum in the front.

What is the combining form for the sternum’s xiphoid process?

Xipho- (the x in xiphoid is pronounced as a z).

What is the shoulder girdle composed of in terms of bones?

Clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade).

What is the longest bone in the leg, and what is its combining form?

The femur; combining form is femor- (femoral relates to the femur).

What is the largest bone of the foot, and what is its combining form?

Calcaneus (heel bone); combining form calcaneo-.

What are the bones of the wrist and ankle called, and what is their combining form?

Carpals (wrist bones) with the combining form carpo-; tarsals (ankle bones) with the combining form tarso-.

What are the bones of the hand and fingers called, and what is their combining form?

Metacarpals (palm) with metacarpo-; phalanges (finger bones) with phalango-.

What are the bones of the knee cap and how is it named?

Patella; combining form patella-.