Honors Bio DNA Test

Carries instructions for making proteins

mRNA

DNA nucleotides help together by bonds between these

Phosphate group, and sugars

Complementary to adenine in DNA

Thymine

Not found in RNA

deoxyribose, and thymine

Complementary to guanine

Cytosine

Produced during transcription

mRNA

Actual codes for proteins

exons

Removed from pre-mRNA

introns

Sugar in RNA

ribose

Different in nucleotides

phosphate group, nitrogen bases, and sugars

2 DNA strands help. together by bonds between these

nitrogen bases

Produced during translation

protein

Sequence of nucleotides which codes for a protein

gene

Where proteins are manufactured in a cell

ribosomes

Composition of a nucleotide

nitrogen bases, phosphate group, and deoxyribose

Sugar in DNA

deoxyribose

Different in DNA and RNA

sugars, and nitrogen bases

More than 2 sets of chromosomes

polyploidy

Carries amino acids

tRNA

Determines an animals body plan

Hox genes

What was the role of Watson?

He built the 3D model of DNA and it's structure

What was the role of Franklin?

Used x-ray diffraction to get more info about DNA. That photo is known as photo 51

What was the role of Chargaff

Found base pairing

What was the role of Crick

Built the 3D model of DNA and its structure, Watsons partner

Double Helix

Structure of DNA with two intertwined strands.

Replication Forks

Sites where DNA separation and replication occur.

Semi-Conservative Replication

Each DNA strand contains one old and one new strand.

DNA Helicase

Enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix.

DNA Polymerase

Enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands.

Okazaki Fragments

Short DNA segments formed on the lagging strand.

Telomeres

Protective DNA caps at chromosome ends.

Telomerase

Enzyme that extends telomeres in germ cells.

RNA

Single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.

mRNA

Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

tRNA

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

rRNA

Structural component of ribosomes.

Transcription

Process of copying DNA into mRNA.

Promoter

DNA sequence where transcription begins.

Introns

Non-coding regions removed from pre-mRNA.

Exons

Coding regions that are spliced together in mRNA.

Codons

Sets of three nucleotides coding for amino acids.

Translation

Decoding mRNA into a polypeptide chain.

Stop Codon

Signals termination of protein synthesis.

Mutations

Changes in genetic material that can affect traits.

Gene Mutations

Alterations in a single gene's DNA sequence.

Chromosomal Mutations

Changes in chromosome structure or number.

Mutagens

Agents that cause changes in DNA.

Hox Genes

Regulatory genes determining body plan during development.

Frameshift Mutation

Insertion or deletion that alters the reading frame.

Duplication

Extra copies of parts of a chromosome.

Translocation

Segment of one chromosome attaches to another.

the instructions for rRNA and tRNA are found in

the nucleolus

types of rna in protein synthesis are

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

how many bases are needed to specify 3 amino acids

9

Genes contain instructions for assembling

proteins

silent mutation

substitution that leads to the same amino acid

missense mutation

one base is changed to another (ex: substitution)

nonesense

changes amino acid to stop codon

Deletion

involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome

duplication

produces extra copies of parts of chromosokmes(polyploidy)

inversion

parts of chromosomes are flipped

translocation

when a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome.