Extra credit Q/A

• When NADPH _________blank electrons in the Calvin cycle, it is _________blank, forming NADP

donates; oxidized

Sequence the following events of mitosis.

1. Sister chromatids align on the metaphase plate.

2. The cleavage furrow forms.

3. The nuclear membrane breaks up.

4. Sister chromatids condense.

5. Sister chromatids separate.

4,3,1,5,2

When heart muscles cells are deprived of oxygen, the heart still pumps for some time. What must the heart cells be able to do?

derive sufficient energy from fermentation

Which of the following characteristics would be true of an epithelium specialized for exchange by diffusion (e.g., a respiratory epithelium)?

Thin with a relatively large surface area

The Calvin cycle is only capable of fixing carbon dioxide in the dark.

False

The reaction of ethanol fermentation is: pyruvate + NADH → ethanol + CO2 + NAD+ . Why would yeast need to perform this reaction in the absence of oxygen?

to produce NAD+ allowing glycolysis to continue

Insulin's affect on reducing blood glucose levels are counteracted by glucagon's actions, which increase blood glucose.

True

What is the equivalent of the mammalian mouth and nose in the respiratory system of insects?

Spiracles

The inner mitochondrial membrane contains numerous inward folds called cristae, which greatly increase the surface area of this membrane. Because ATP is produced on the inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae enhance the ability of the mitochondria to generate ATP. What structure can be thought of as similar to these cristae?

Finger-like projections of a human's small intestine

What explanation can you give for why the sodium-potassium pump does not run out of ions to move in or out of the cell?

Leak channels are always open, allowing the passage of sodium ions ( Na+ ) and potassium ions ( K+ ) across the membrane.

Plants require a lot of water for transpiration, metabolism, and photosynthesis. How is water used in photosynthesis?

as an electron donor

Which of the following is NOT a checkpoint that controls the progression of the cell cycle?

Cytokinesis involves the formation of cleavage furrow to separate the cells.

Which membrane component is important for allowing large, charged molecules to pass through the membrane?

transmembrane proteins

When one oxygen atom shares two pairs of electrons with another oxygen atom, O2 is formed via

a double covalent bond.

The giant squid axon has been used extensively in research to determine the mechanisms by which neurons generate electrical signals. Scientists used microelectrodes to measure the resting membrane potential (inside relative to outside) and discovered a difference of

−70 mV.

Mutations that inhibit the function of photosystem I but not photosystem II would result in a plant cell that could still

produce O2 , ATP, and NADP+  during photosynthesis.

You are out at night and hear a sound in the bushes. The electrical signal carrying this information to your brain is carried first by a

sensory neuron.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

Supporting the weight of body structures

What type of neuron is responsible for carrying electrical signals AWAY from the CNS to elicit a response in the body?

motor neuron

When one atom loses an electron to another atom, it results in the formation of

a cation and an anion that can form an ionic bond.

Which of the following is true of both neurotransmitters and hormones?

They both interact with receptors inside or on the surface of target cells.

An organ must contain at least:

two different tissue types.

If a cell contains 20 chromosomes in G1 , it will contain 40 chromosomes at the end of S.

False

Chromosomes are replicated during the _________blank phase.

S

Spider crabs are an osmoconforming species, which likely means:

they have the same solute concentration as their environment.

Water

has cohesive properties.

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

NADH and pyruvate

Which of the following would NOT be an example of negative feedback control in homeostasis?

During the birth process, stretch receptors in the uterus stimulate the release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland. This hormone stimulates uterine muscle contraction that increases stimulation of the stretch receptors.

When body temperature drops below normal, a person starts shivering uncontrollably. This is an example of negative feedback.

True

In homeostatic control, the _________blank compensates for any deviation between the actual value and the set point. In body temperature regulation in mammals, this function is carried out by _________blank.

effector; skeletal muscle

The electrochemical gradient that determines how a charged ion will move through a permeable membrane depends upon

the combined effects of electrical forces and concentration differences across the membrane.

Cellular respiration produces the most energy in the form of ATP from which of the following?

oxidative phosphorylation

An endocrine gland is 

the site at which hormones are produced and released into the blood.

Identify the point in time during an action potential when a positive feedback process is occurring in a neuron.

as the neuron is being depolarized and passes the threshold potential

Which of the following are produced during the citric acid cycle?

ATP, NADH, and FADH2

How are sister chromatids connected to each other?

through cohesin proteins

During prometaphase, the sister chromatids organize into a single row in the center of the cell.

False

What would be an expected feature of a plasma membrane that had no integral membrane proteins that span the membrane?

the membrane would be unable to transport sodium ions

Assess the merits of each action potential analogy; select the representation that corresponds most accurately.

An action potential happens like a row of dominoes falling; the signal has constant velocity and constant strength no matter how long the row of dominoes may be. 

What feature of the plasma membrane is primarily responsible for the selective uptake and export of ions and molecules from the cell?

the phospholipid lipid bilayer has a hydrophobic interior 

The critical function of the sodium-potassium pump of neurons is to move

Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell

Suppose a  C3 plant that normally closes its stomata during hot, dry conditions were triggered to open them instead. What would be the most likely outcome of such a change?

Water would exit the leaf, decreasing the rate of photosynthesis. 

The purpose of the light reactions is to produce

NADPH and ATP.

Homeostasis refers to the property of maintaining particular physiological variables such as body temperature and solute concentrations absolutely constant.

False

A problem with the production or action of this substance leads to both type I and type II diabetes mellitus.

insulin

Respiration is measured in a human. How do the concentrations of O2 and CO2 in inhaled air compare with those in exhaled air?

Inhaled air has more O2 and less CO2 than exhaled air.

The purpose of the light reactions is to produce

ATP and NADPH.

In the reaction, 6CO2 + 6H2O →C6H12O6 + 6O2 , the carbon atoms are being

reduced.

What does not happen in the cytokinesis of plant cells?

Formation of cleavage furrow to separate the cells.

What process best characterizes  Ca2+ movement from the cytosol (low Ca2+ concentration) into the endoplasmic reticulum (high Ca2+ concentration)?

Calcium movement involves active transport.