Unit 5 Study Guide

vocab, scientists, notes, blah blah blah. | stfu if u see a spelling error.

conservation of mass

* matter is neither created nor destroyed.
* during a physical and chemical change, the mass of the product always =’s the mass of the reactants.

stoichiometry

the calculation of products and reactants in a chemical reaction.

mole ratio

a conversion factor between compounds in a chemical reaction.

Stanisalo Cannizzaro

* italian
* 1826-1910
* Cannizzaro reaction: an organic reaction of an aldehyde without active hydrogen that undergoes a redox reaction under the action of a strong base.
* __1st chemist to see the full significance of avagodro’s law.__

limiting reactant (reagent)

the reactant that gets consumed first in a chemical reaction and therefore limits how much product can be formed.

% yield

* measures the effectiveness of a chemical reaction.
* the ratio of the actual yield to the theortical yield multiplied by 100%.

theoretical yield

* obtained using __stoichiometry.__
* the quantity of a product we shld produce from the complete conversion of a given amt of reactant to produce.

actual yield

the quantity of product actually obtained by __experiment__ from a chemical reaction.

activity series

a list of elements in decreasing order of their reactivity.

Elizabeth Rona

* hungarian chemist
* 1890-1981
* nuclear chemist
* __an expert on isotope seperation and polonium preparation.__
* __confirmed the existance of “uranium-Y.”__

solubility

\n The amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a specific temperature

solution

* Homogeneous mixtures
* solute and solvent together
* what occurs when 2 chemicals are mixed.

saturated solution

* contains max. amt. of solute per volume of solvent.
* shld. not be able to see the solute particles ever.
* additional solute will sink to the bottom and not dissolve
* on line.

unsaturated solution

* contains less than the max. amt. of solute per given volume of solvent.
* cld contain more solute if you wanted to add it, but will look the same as a saturated solution.
* added solute will dissolve
* below line.

supersaturated solution

* contains more solute than it shld. for a given set of volume and temp. conditions.
* make it by heating the sample to “cram” in more solute.
* very unstable and can solidify at any moment.
* added solute precipitates out all excess solute and it becomes a solid.
* above line.

precipitate

* a solid formed by a change in a solution often due to a chemical reaction or chane in temp. that decreases solubility of a solid.
* holland def: when a substance undergoes a phase change in a solution (gas → liquid or liquid → solid) (rain, snow)

diatomics

* H2 (hyrogen)
* O2 (oxygen)
* N2 (nitrogen)
* Halogens

\+

separates more than 1 reactant or product.

→

* separates reactants from products.


* indicates direction of reaction.

(s)

identifies as solid state.

(aq)

* aqueous
* identifies that something is dissolved in water.

(L)

identifies liquid state.

(g)

* identifies gaseous state.
* diatomics are (g)

synthesis

* a + b → ab


* the compound produced is larger and more complex than the reactants.

decomposition

* ab → a + b
* the breakdown of a larger compound.

single replacement

ax + b → bx + a

double replacement

* ax + by → ay + bx
* inner replaces inner / outer replaces outer
* always involves the formation of a molecular compound like water and either a precipitate or a gas.

combustion

* Cx + Hy (O2) → CO2 + H2O
* occurs when something is burning.
* 1st reactant is always a compound containing carbon and hydrogen (and sometimes oxygen).
* 2nd reactant = oxygen
* always produces H2O and CO2

molarity

* “m”


* concentration in # of moles of solute, for a liter of solution.
* the scientists’ way of saying the concentration of a solution is or how much of something is dissolved into something else.
* moles/liters

1000 mL = ? L

1 L

1 L = ? mL

1000 mL

solute

substance that is dissolved

solvent

substance that dissolves solute.fsolub

3 factors that affect the rate something dissolves:

1. increasing temp.
2. stirring (agitation)
3. crushing (smaller particle size)

miscible

used to describe a mizture of soluble liquids.

immiscible

used to describe 2 liquids that don’t dissolve into each other.