HAPE Core

What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.

What type of bones are longer than they are wide?

Long bones, such as the femur and humerus.

What are short bones, and can you give examples?

Short bones have the same length and width; examples include tarsals and carpals.

What type of bones provide a flat surface for muscle attachment?

Flat bones, such as the sternum, scapula, and pelvis.

What are irregular bones, and can you name some?

Irregular bones have no regular shape; examples include the cranium and mandibles.

What are sesamoid bones?

Bones that develop in tendons, such as the patella.

What are the major components of the axial skeleton?

The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

Upper limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges) and lower limbs (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges).

What is the role of the muscular system?

Responsible for movement, posture, and essential bodily functions like breathing and circulation.

What are the three types of muscles and their characteristics?

Cardiac muscle (involuntary, striated), smooth muscle (involuntary), and skeletal muscle (voluntary, striped appearance).

What is the function of cartilage in the muscular system?

Provides shock absorption and flexibility.

What do tendons do?

Attach muscle to bone, enabling movement.

What is the role of ligaments?

Join bone to bone, providing joint stability and preventing dislocations.

What are slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers?

Slow twitch fibers are used for endurance (red), while fast twitch fibers are used for power and speed (white).

What is reciprocal inhibition in muscle movement?

The process where one muscle contracts while its opposite relaxes.

What is the agonist muscle?

The muscle that contracts to create movement.

What is flexion in muscle actions?

Decreases the joint angle, such as bending the arm.

What is extension in muscle actions?

Increases the joint angle, such as straightening the leg.

What is the function of the pectoralis major?

Moves arms across the body.

What does the deltoid muscle do?

Raises the arm.

What is the function of the biceps brachii?

Flexes the elbow.

What does the triceps brachii do?

Extends the elbow.

What is the role of the quadriceps?

Extends the knee and flexes the hip.

What are the primary functions of the quadriceps muscle?

To extend the knee and flex the hip.

What is the main function of the hamstrings?

To flex the knee and extend the hip.

What do the gluteal muscles do?

They move the leg outward.

What is the role of the gastrocnemius muscle?

It flexes the knee and aids in foot movement.

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

It moves the arms backward and inward.

What does the trapezius muscle do?

It raises the shoulders and pulls the head back.

What is the role of the rhomboids?

They assist in pulling the shoulder blades together.

What do flexor muscles do?

They flex the wrist, fingers, foot, and toes.

What is the function of extensor muscles?

They extend the wrist, fingers, foot, and toes.

What is the function of the Achilles tendon?

It connects the gastrocnemius to the heel and is crucial for walking and running.

What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

Circulates blood, transports oxygen and nutrients, removes waste, regulates temperature, and fights disease.

What is oxygenated blood?

Blood that is rich in oxygen.

What is deoxygenated blood?

Blood that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide.

What is the role of arteries in the cardiovascular system?

They carry blood away from the heart.

What do veins do?

They carry blood to the heart.

What are capillaries?

The smallest blood vessels where nutrients and waste are exchanged with body cells.

What do red blood cells do?

They carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, contain hemoglobin, and have a lifespan of about 4 months.

What is the function of white blood cells?

They fight infection by digesting disease-causing organisms and have a lifespan of a few days.

What role do platelets play in the blood?

They help with blood clotting and have a lifespan of about 10 days.

What is plasma?

A yellowish fluid that carries cells, nutrients, and waste, and is the first to be replaced after blood loss.

Describe the flow of deoxygenated blood through the heart.

uperior and inferior vena cava, collects in the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, is pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, goes to the lungs, and returns oxygenated via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium.

What is the maximum heart rate formula?

220 minus age.

How does exercise affect heart rate?

Exercise increases heart rate to deliver more oxygen to muscles and remove waste.

What is the function of the nasal cavity in the respiratory system?

It filters, warms, and moistens incoming air.

What does the pharynx connect?

It connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and serves as a passageway for air and food.

What is the purpose of the larynx?

It contains vocal cords and prevents food from entering the trachea.

What is the function of the trachea?

It carries air from the throat to the lungs and is lined with cilia to trap dust.

What are bronchi?

Two tubes that split from the trachea, leading into each lung.

What are the main organs of respiration?

Lungs, which contain millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli for gas exchange.

What is the function of alveoli?

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs between air and blood, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to be removed.

What muscle controls breathing?

The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle that contracts and relaxes to facilitate breathing.

Describe the process of inspiration (inhalation).

An active process where the diaphragm contracts, moving downward, and intercostal muscles contract to expand the rib cage, increasing lung volume and creating low pressure that allows air to rush in.

Describe the process of expiration (exhalation).

A passive process where the diaphragm relaxes, moving upward, and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing lung volume and creating high pressure that pushes air out.

What is flexion in muscular contractions?

Bending a joint, decreasing the angle, such as in a bicep curl.

What is extension in muscular contractions?

Straightening a joint, increasing the angle, such as when kicking a ball.

What is abduction in muscular movements?

Moving a limb away from the body's midline, like lifting arms sideways.

What is adduction in muscular movements?

Moving a limb toward the midline, such as bringing arms back down.

What does rotation refer to in muscular movements?

The turning of a bone around its axis, like turning the head.

What is circumduction?

A circular movement of a limb, such as bowling in cricket.

What does 'superior' mean in anatomical terminology?

Above, for example, the head is superior to the chest.

What does 'inferior' mean in anatomical terminology?

Below, for example, the feet are inferior to the knees.

What does 'anterior' refer to in anatomical terminology?

The front, as in the chest being anterior to the spine.

What does 'posterior' refer to in anatomical terminology?

The back, such as the spine being posterior to the chest.

What does 'lateral' mean in anatomical terminology?

Away from the midline, for example, arms are lateral to the chest.

What does 'medial' mean in anatomical terminology?

Toward the midline, such as the nose being medial to the eyes.

What does 'proximal' mean in anatomical terminology?

Closer to the point of attachment, like the elbow being proximal to the wrist.

What does 'distal' mean in anatomical terminology?

Further from the point of attachment, such as fingers being distal to the elbow.

How do the muscular and skeletal systems interrelate?

They work together for movement.

How do the muscular and circulatory systems interrelate?

Cardiac muscle pumps blood, while skeletal muscles assist in venous return (rate blood flows from veins to right atrium)

What are the characteristics of respectful relationships?

Based on trust, equality, communication, consent, and support.

What is the role of consent in respectful relationships?

It must be clear, freely given, informed, enthusiastic, and can be withdrawn at any time.

What are the main nutrients and their functions?

Carbohydrates (energy source), Protein (growth and repair), Fats (long-term energy), Vitamins (regulate body functions), Minerals (support structures), Water (hydration), Fiber (aids digestion).

What information do nutrition labels provide?

They show energy (kJ), macronutrients (carbs, protein, fats), vitamins/minerals, serving size, and ingredients.

What are the Australian Dietary Guidelines?

Achieve and maintain a healthy weight, eat a variety of nutritious foods from the 5 food groups, limit saturated fat, salt, sugar, alcohol, encourage breastfeeding, and store food safely.

What is the function of the respiratory system?

It brins air from the atmosphere to the lungs, transfers O2 and removes CO2 from the blood, expels heat and water vapor from air breathed out and allows you to talk.