atrial systole: blood flow
into right atrium from body, into left atrium from pulmonary vein
atrial systole: pressure
moderately increases in the atria
atrial systole: blood direction
blood fills relaxed ventricles
ventricular systole: blood direction
forced up and out through aorta/pulmonary artert
ventricular systole: valves
av valves shut due to pressure, semilunars open
ventricular systole: pressure
increases rapidly in ventricles
diastole: pressure
high in aorta and p. artery
diastole: chambers
relaxed
diastole: blood flow
into atria and ventricles through p. vein and vena cava
atherosclerosis
condition in which fatty deposits build up on the inner walls of the arteries
atheroma
a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall
hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure
process of atherosclerosis
endothelial injury due to high blood pressure
inflammatory response (white blood cells)
cholesterol accumulates, atheroma forms
calcium salts, tissue accumulates, forms plaque
wall elasticity reduced
clotting cascade
injury to endothelium
exposed collagen
platelets rush to form temporary plug
thromboplastin
prothrombin - thrombin
fibrinogen - fibrin
mesh, blood cells trapped, clot formed
factors affecting the risk of cvd
age, sex, genetics, diet, blood pressure, stress, smoking, exercise
adaptations of an artery
elastic fibres for elastic recoil, muscle, folded endothelium, smooth endothelium, narrow lumen
adaptations of a capillary
3 monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
maltose
glucose + glucose
sucrose
glucose + fructose
lactose
glucose + galactose
amylose
unbranched, only formed of 1,4 glycosidic bonds, not a straight chain but is a spiral so can REALLY pack together to store lots of energy
amylopectin
branched polysaccharide, 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds. means it can rapidly release glucose, is compact
why is glycogen branched
rapid release of glucose to liver and muscles
starch
made of amylose and amylopectin
insoluble in water so is a good storage compound
alpha glucose
glycogen
alpha glucose
shorter branches to it is more compact
faster hydrolysis of starch in animals as it's more necessary
cellulose
beta glucose
unbranched glucose linked with hydrogen bonds
this prevents water entering so it is an excellent structural protector of cells
why is water a good solvent for transport?
high surface tension
capillary action due to adhesion
forces of attraction between water molecules (cohesion) enables mass flow
high specific heat capacity
universal solvent/ionic compounds dissolve easily
polarity of water
it has opposite charges on opposite ends
hydrogen bonds form causing water to stick together
why do animals need a circulatory system?
sa:v increases
diffusion distance decreases
metabolic rate increases therefore diffusion becomes insufficient so a system allows exchange of substances to take place
BMI
weight (kg) / height (m^2)
unhealthy waist:hip ratio
above 1
saturated lipids
found in animal fats, don't contain C=C bonds
unsaturated lipids
found in plants, contain C=C bonds and melt at lower temperatures
intermolecular forces and lipids
weaker in unsaturated fats, the C=C bonds reduce strength of forces by creating a 'kink'
properties of lipids
waterproof
compact
non-polar and insoluble
thermal insulators
triglycerides
1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids joined by ester bonds formed in a condensation reaction
triglycerides and phospholipids
one fatty acid is substituted for a phosphate containing group
HDL (high density lipoprotein)
"good" cholesterol - unsaturated fats, (more) protein and cholesterol
transports cholesterol from tissues to the liver to reduce cholesterol levels
LDL (low density lipoprotein)
"bad" cholesterol - saturated fats, protein and cholesterol
transports cholesterol from the liver to the blood, increasing cholesterol levels
correlation between saturated fats and high cholesterol
this is because saturated fats are in LDLs is casual as cholesterol is involved in plaque formation
anticoagulants
CVD treatment reduce the risk of clot formation
may lead to uncontrolled bleeding
statins
CVD treatment reduce blood cholesterol by blocking producing enzyme should be with a healthy diet and causes nausea/inflammation
platelet inhibitors
CVD treatment make platelets less sticky, reduce the risk of atheroma formation can cause stomach bleeding
beta blockers
antihypertensive to reduce heart contraction frequency and power by blocking response to hormones -may increase risk of diabetes
diuretics
antihypertensive to increase volume of urine to lower blood volume and pressure side effect: dizziness, nausea
ACE inhibitors
antihypertensive to block the conversion of enzymes that cause constricted arteries side effects: arrhythmia, dizziness
why does cvd damage heart muscle
narrow lumens or coronary arteries
reducing blood flow to muscles
reducing aerobic respiration