Chapter 6 - The Reformation

Where did the Renaissance start?

Italy

What contributed to a revival of learning in Europe?

The fall of Constantinople

Who translated the first Bible into ENGLISH?

Wycliffe

Where did the Reformation begin?

Germany

Inquisition

The church court in Italy and France that sought to find and punish heresy

heresy

an opinion that’s against the church

Who did the Roman Church burn at the stake?

John Huss of Bohemia

Castiglone

wrote a book about Renaissance manners

What type of New Testament did Erasmus publish?

Greek

Who generously supported the Renaissance in Florence, Italy?

Lorenzo de Medici

Who exposed corruption in the Roman Church with his work ‘In Praise of Folly’?

Erasmus

Zwingli

a reformer in Switzerland

Who was the author of the Ninety-five Theses?

Luther

Transubstantiation

the teaching that the bread and wine in the Lord’s Supper change into actual body and blood of Christ

Indulgences

papers that grant pardon from the punishment of sin

Pope Leo X

authorized the issuing of indulgences to pay for the completion of St. Peter’s Basilica

Pope Boniface VIII

demanded submission to the pope as a requirement for salvation

Leonardo da Vinci

painted ‘The Last Supper’

Who painted the ceiling of Rome’s Sistine Chapel?

Michelangelo

Brunelleschi

designed the dome of the Catherdral of Florence

Gutenberg

invented the movable-type printing press

What languages did Erasmus know?

Latin and Greek

John Wycliffe

an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, biblical translator, reformer, Catholic priest, and a seminary professor at the University of Oxford.

What is Erasmus’s ‘Julius Exluded From Heaven’ about?

The dialogue begins with a drunken Pope Julius II trying to open the gate of heaven with the key to his secret money-chest. He is accompanied by his Genius, his guardian angel. Behind him are the soldiers who died in his military campaigns, whom he promised would go to heaven regardless of their deeds. Peter denies him passage, even when Julius threatens him with his army and papal bulls of excommunication, and questions him about his deeds on Earth. Julius then goes into a lengthy explanation of his deeds and justifies his sins, ranging from simony to pederasty, with the fact that the pope has the authority to excuse any sin. Peter is disgusted by his description and turns him away. The dialogue ends with Julius planning to muster an army to create his own paradise and capture Heaven.

What was the most popular architecture during the Renassiance?

They wanted the old style of the Greeks and Romans

What language were many of the books written in during the Renassiance period?

Latin and Greek

study of humanities

subjects that cover man’s interests

How did Martin Luther die?

On 18 February 1546, Luther died at the age of 62 years. The reason for his death is assumed to be a stoke.

John Calvin

a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

The term ‘renaissance’ means

“rebirth”

excommunication

The dismissal of an individual from the Roman Church

Castiglione

author of a Renaissance book of manners

Machiavelli

author of ‘The Prince’

Petrarch

Father of Humanism

da Vinci

painted the ‘Mona Lisa’

The Jesuits

a Catholic monastic order was founded to stop the Reformation and reverse the gains of Protestant convert

The largest great religious war in Europe

The Thirty Year’s War

French Protestants

Huguenonts

Romans 1:17

For in it the righteousness of God is revealed from faith for faith, as it is written, “The righteous shall live by faith.”

Johannes Gutenberg

made literary works available to the public at a very low cost

anatomy

the structure of humans, animals and plants

shading

an art technique that Renaissance artists used to add dimension to their figures

perspectice

the ability to give depth to paintings

Sistine Chapel

a chapel built for Pope Sixtus in the 1400s. It’s famous for its ceilings that were painted by Michaelangelo

Ghilberti

a sculptor, famous for the door he sculpted for the baptistery of Florence

Brunelleschi

designed the huge dome for The Catherdral of Florence

Thomas More

a close friend of Erasmus and served in the court of King Henry VIII in England. He wrote ‘Utopia’, a story about an imaginary country based on Christian principles and the philosophy of Plato.

3 techniques that resulted in differences between medieval and Renaissance art

1. knowledge of anatomy

2. use of shading

3. study of perspective

What did the change in art reveal about the shift in thinking from medieval to the Renaissance periods?

people of the Renaissance placed greater values on the created world and upon man

The postitive consequences of the Renaissance

led men to inquire and seek the truth; resulted in discontent with the Roman Church; renewed an interest in manuscripts and languages of the Bible; renewed importance of the individual; movable-type printing made Bibles and other literature readily available at more affordable prices

The negative aspects of the Renaissance

emphasis on man’s ability in contrast to trusting revelation from God; weakened moral restraints; failure of the Church of Rome to provide a moral example to restrain evil

transubstantiation

the belief that the wine and the bread literally turn into the very blood and body of Christ each time the priest recites the Latin phrase, “this is my body.”

Who said that everyone must submit to the pope?

Boniface VIII

Why were so many people disappointed in the Roman Church?

the Inquisition (church court) was very cruel, they were taught they had to confess their sins to the priest who was suppose to be another Christ who they said had the power to forgive their sins, councils to reform the church, and the sale of indulgences

The main reformers (people who made changes) during the Renaissance

Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin

What did Luther, Zwingli and Calvin all agree upon that made so many good changes?

The Bible alone as truth (not Catholic traditions),

Faith alone (salvation is a GIFT, the Roman Church didn’t have to power to save anyone)

Priesthood of the believer (The Bible says believers are made into priests. They don’t need to have a Catholic priest)

Index of Prohibited Books

a list made by the Roman Church that kept Catholics from reading anything that was put on the list. Books on the list the Roman Church didn’t like which included some versions of the Bible.

Council of Trent

Romans Catholics who met together to demand changes to the church

Anabaptist

to baptize again

Society of Jesus

Jesuits who founded to stop the spread of the Reformation

What major problems was the Roman Church creating?

They taught that the Bible and their church traditions were of equal authority.