MCB 104 Final Exam Review Flashcards

What structures define the cell

Cells are extremely crowded…

• This space is taken up by macromolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates)

• The close proximity of macromolecules and subcellular structures allows more random collisions and interactions

• The crowded nature of the cell encourages several things: (1) cell compartmentalization and organization (organelles or condensates) (2) increases the effective concentration of certain reacting molecules (3) promotes increased reaction rates due to the closeness of reacting molecules

Know your organelles…

Microscopy basics

Different Types of Microscopy

Cytoskeleton

Actin as an ATPase

Critical Concentration and Treadmilling

Actin Regulation and Cell Motility

Profilin → Speeds filament elongation at the barbed (+) end

WASP + Arp2/3 → Drive branched actin growth at the leading edge

Capping proteins → Stop filament elongation

Severing proteins (Cofilin) → Cut filaments and accelerate actin turnover

Thymosin-β4 → Prevent actin assembly by sequestering monomers

Formin → Drive linear (unbranched) actin filament growth

Myosin and Actin for Muscle Contraction

Microtubule Structure

Dynamic Instability

Dynamic Instability (Catastrophe and Rescue)

Motor Proteins

Cell cycle

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

Cyclin and Cdk (Cdc in yeast)

Cyclin B and Cdk1 cycle

Regulators of MPF

Chromosome Condensation (between prophase and prometaphase)

Metaphase-Anaphase Transition

The Role of the Cytoskeleton During Mitosis

The Role of the Cytoskeleton During Mitosis (diagram)

Protein sorting into organelles

Necessary vs. Sufficient

Necessary - A condition is necessary if it must be true or must be present for something else to occur. Without it, the outcome cannot happen. If the outcome occurs, then the condition had to be present.

Sufficient - A condition is sufficient if its presence guarantees the outcome. Whenever the condition is present, the outcome will occur. If the condition occurs, then the outcome definitely happens.

In the case of protein signal sequences:

‘Necessary’ means the signal sequence is required for sorting.

‘Sufficiency’ means the signal sequence alone can specify sorting.

Nucleus Structure

Nuclear Pore Transport

Transport into Mitochondria

Transport into ER

Untranslated Protein Response

Endocytosis, Exocytosis

Vesicular Transport

Vesicle budding is driven by the assembly of a protein coat

Docking and Fusing

Cell Signaling

Cell Signaling - Like a relay race

Local and Distant Signaling

2 Different Types of Receptors

Receptor-Ligand Binding Affinity

Signaling Basics

Molecular Switches

Surface Receptor - G-protein Coupled

Surface Receptor - Tyrosine Kinases

EGFR

Epithelial tissue

Junctions

What holds cells together?

Integrins and the ECM

Cancer v Tumor

five basic principles of cancer

six hallmarks of cancer

Cancer cells usually need several mutations to become cancer

Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes can lead to cancer cell development

Mutations can happen inside and outside of protein coding regions

PARP inhibitors

CAR T-cell therapy

mRNA vaccines/personalized medicine