Anatomy and Physology Bones

Fibrous joint pic

cartilaginous joint pic

synovial joint pic

ball and socket joint pic

hinge joint pic

condylar joint pic

saddle joint pic

gliding/plane joint pic

pivot joint pic

anterior cruicate ligament

posterior cruciate ligament

fibular collateral ligament

tibular collateral ligament

lateral meniscus

away

medial meniscus

near

Functions of Skeletal System

Support, movement, storage, blood cell production, protection

Support Function

Provides framework for attachment of other tissues and organs

Movement Function

Serve as levers that are pulled by muscles in movement

Storage Function

Stores calcium and phosphate ions within the bone tissue and fat within yellow marrow

Blood Cell Production Function

Red blood cell production inside of red marrow

Protection Function

Protect soft tissues and organs

Epiphysis

Rounded end of a long bone, where it forms a joint

Articular Cartilage

Covers epiphysis to form a smooth surface

Proximal

Closest to main mass of body

Distal

Farthest from main mass of body

Compact Bone

Densest part of the bone

Spongy Bone

Has many spaces in between bony rods or struts

Red Bone Marrow

Inside of spongy bone, holds stem cells that differentiate into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Epiphyseal Plate

Made of hyaline cartilage, separates the epiphysis from rest of the bone, called growth plate, cartilage is replaced by bone in adults

Diaphysis bone

The middle shaft of the bone

Periosteum bone

A layer of dense tissues that contains blood vessels and sensory nerves.

Medullary Cavity

A hollow area inside the diaphysis

Yellow Marrow

Mostly contains fat cells

Endosteum

Innermost layer of tissue

Osteocytes

Mineral structure of compact and spongy bone maintained in cells

Osteoclasts

Dissolve and reshape bone

Osteoblasts

Lay down new bone

Osteons

Circular units that bone tissue is divided in

Lamella

Thin calcified sheets that form ring shapes

Lacuna

Pits found in each layer of lamella

Osteocyte

Bone cells found inside each of lacunae

Central Canal

Hollow center that contains blood vessels

Canalicuili

Tiny channels that connect osteocytes back to central canal

Ossification

process of bone formation

Composition of Embryonic Bone

Osteoblasts that form spongy bones within center of shaft

Direction of Bony Tissue Growth

Bone continues to lengthen as growth plate produces more hyaline cartilage

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

Eventually growth plate becomes fully ossified and forms epiphyseal line; the bone doesn't grow further at this point

Epiphyseal Line

Formed when growth plate is fully ossified

Axial Skeleton

Includes everything around the longitudinal (vertical) center plane of the body

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes appendages (arms and legs)

Skull Bones

Bones are flat and designed to be protective

Sutures

Joins bones together; a joint made of dense fibrous tissue

Fontanels

Few sutures that are much wider in fetal skull; allows skull to alter its shape during birth, close within first two years of life

Sinuses

Hollow bones with thin plates between them which are designed to drain fluids

Sinus Headaches

Happen when sinus gets blocked and fluids overflow into nasal cavity

Hyoid Bone

Only bone in entire body that does not form joint with any other bone; base of tongue attaches to this bone and aids in swallowing and speech

Ossicles

Make up the middle ear; malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup); transmit vibrations from sound to the cochlea of inner ear

Vertebral Column

Named based on their location

Cervical Vertebrae in Neck

C1-C7

Atlas

C1

Axis

C2

Thoracic Vertebrae in Upper Back

T1-T12

Sacrum and Coccyx

Two bones below lumbar region made from nine fused vertebrae

Functions of Rib and Sternum

Ribs articulate with sternum and thoracic vertebrae to protect the heart and lungs

True Ribs

Pairs 1-7; connected directly to sternum

False Ribs

Pairs 8-12; connected to the sternum through cartilage or not at all

Floating Ribs

Pairs 11-12; false ribs connected to thoracic vertebrae

Long Bones

Longer than they are wide with heads at each end (ex. Femur, humerus, metatarsals, phalanges

Short Bones

Cube shaped bones which contain higher amounts of spongy bones (ex. Carpals and tarsals

Flat Bones

Thinner, flattened, and often curved; made of thin layers of compact and spongy bone (ex. Skull bones, pelvic bones, ribs, sternum

Sesamoid Bones

Embedded with a tendon (ex. Patella)

Irregular Bones

Do not fit into any of the other categories due to unusual shape (ex. Vertebrae)

Pelvis (Anterior View)

Appendicular Skeleton (Bottom)

Axial Skeleton (Top)

Sternum and Ribs

Lumbar Vertebrae Photo

Thoracic Vertebrae Photo

Cervical Vertebrae Photo

Vertebral Column Photo

Skull (lateral view)

Skull (inferior view)

Bone Inside Labeled

Bone Anatomy

Articulations

Joints, exist wherever two bones meet; classified by range of motion

Fibrous Joints

Contain dense fibrous tissue and are immoveable (ex. small cranial structures)

Cartilaginous Joints

Connected entirely with fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage and allow limited movement (ex. symphysis pubis and fibrocartilage between vertebrae

Synovial Joints

Have a space called a synovial cavity filled with fluid that separates the bone, allowing free movement (ex. knee, elbow, shoulder, fingers, etc.) have many structures designed to minimize bone to bone contact.

common class of _ that includes the ankle, elbow, and knee joints.

Synovial Joint- Fibrous Capsule

Continuous with periosteum of each bone

Synovial Joint-Synovial Fluid

Fills space in between bones

Synovial Joint- Synovial Membrane

Seals the synovial fluid

Synovial Joint- Bursa

Fluid filled sac that cushions the area

Synovial Joint- Aspiration

Drain fluid from synovial joints due to swelling or inflammation following an injury or surgery

Synovial Joint- Joint "cracking"

Caused by stretching of a synovial membrane causing air to quickly escape

Ligaments

Join bones together and contain dense regular connective tissue

Menisci

Shock absorbing fibrocartilage pads

Ball and Socket Joint

Head of one bone rests in a depression of another, greatest range of motion- 360 (ex. shoulder and hip)

Hinge Joint

Allows movement along a single plane- flexing and extending (ex. elbow, knee, between phalanges)

Condylar Joint

Allow angular movement in two planes (ex. radius and carpal bones, phalanges and metacarpals/metatarsals)

Saddle Joint

Allow circular movement and angular movement in two planes (ex. between carpal and metacarpal at base of the thumb)