Test 4 Architecture Appreciation

Carlo Scarpa

- 1906-78
- Italian
- Brion Cemetery, Treriso, Italy
- 1964-78
- Christopher Wren is buried here

Tadao Ando

- 1941-
- Japanese Architect
- Self taught
- began as a carpenters apprentice
- traveled extensively to study architecture
- combines modernism with traditional Japanese aesthetics
- World Trade Memorial
- note the use of concrete

Elizabeth Diller(1954) and Richard Scofoldio(1935)

- Diller was born in Poland
- both educated at Copper Union NY
- begun by constructing “Guerilla Architecture” on vacant land
- received “Genius” grant in 1999 from Macarthur Fellows Program
- Key commissions
- Blur Building - Swiss Expo
- High Line - New York

Swedish Expo Building

The Blur Building

Sir Norman Foster

- Born in Manchester, England
- school of architecture university of Manchester
- graduate school Yale
- extensive travel in US
- furniture design
- Key commissions
- Hong Kong Bank
- Carre’e d’ Art - Nimes, France

Carre’e d’ Art

- Norman Foster
- Nimes, France
- 1984-93
- reevaluated how site was used
- gives more sense of place to Maisson Carree
- exhibition galleries and library

Reichstag Dome

- Norman Foster
- Berlin Germany
- 1999

Frank Gehry

- 1929-
- born in Canada moved to LA at 17
- School of Architecture at University of Southern California
- graduate school at Harvard (Urban Planning)
- opened his own firm at age 33
- Furniture Design
- Key Commissions
- Guggenheim Museum - Bilbao, Spain
- Experience Music Project, Seattle
- Gehry House
- Project of Note:
- George Ohr Museum - Biloxi, MS
- under construction pre-katrina

Zaha Hadid

- 1950-2016
- born in Baghdad, Iraq
- trained as a mathematician
- grad school at the AA (Architectural Association) in London
- deconstructionist
- colorful drawings, paintings, and conputer models
- key commissions
- Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati
- Vitra Fire Stati

Deconstruction (Zaha Hadid)

- designs buildings that look like they explode. Defying gravity and a single point of view, she creates collages of lines and planes that disrupt our usually static viee of cities

Contemporary Arts Center

- Cincinnati, Ohio
2003
- first built project by Zaha Hadid in US

Herzog(1950-) and De Meuron(1950-)

- childhood friends
- practied in Basil, Switzerland

Rem Koolhaus (1944-)

- Dutch - born in Rotterdam
- major publications “Delirious New York: a Retoactive Manifesto for Manhattan OMA, S, M, L, XL”
- studied at AA (Architectural Association school in London)
- key commissions
- Prada stores
- Prada Flagship Store
- Educatorium, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Daniel Libeskind (1946-)

- born in Lodz, Poland
- gained US citizenship in 1965
- key commissions
- Jewish Museum, Berlin 1998
- Imperial War Museum, Manchester
- Jewish Museum, San Francisco
- Denver Art Museum
- Freedom Tower, NYC

Freedom Tower

- David Childs, FAIA (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill) and Daniel Libeskind

Jean Nouvel(1945-)

- French Architect
- educated at the Ecole d’ Beaux Arts, Paris
- key commissions
- remodeling of Lyon Opera House
- Cultural and Congress Center, Lucerne, Switzerland

Renzo Piano (1937-)

- born in Genoa, Italy
- studied at University of Florence and Milan Polytechnic
- early partnership with Richard Rigers (English)
- puches limits of building technology
- maintains control from design through construction
- key commissions
- Pompidou Center, Paris 1971-77
- Menil Museum, Houston, Texas
- The Shard - London
- 2012
- tallest building in the EU
- offices- restaurants- hotel- apartments- observatory

Antoine Predock (1936 - )

- Born in Lebanon, Missouri
- Columbia University
- Offices in Albuquerque, New Mexico and L.A.
Key Commissions:
Nelson Fine Arts Center at Arizona State
American Heritage Center in Laramie, Wyoming Museum of Science and Industry, Tampa, Florida

Chinese Architecture

Best described -
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
- Not styles, periods, dates
- Principles persist, are revised over time

PROPORTIONS
standard rectangular space: jian organized around a pathway/axis

SYSTEMS OF MEANING
**Feng Shui: concept of orientation harmony with nature positive energy (chi)

Unity of Structure and Decoration

- *Wooden beams / columns* framing are connected w/ elaborate joinery
- Like classic column capitals - structure and connection
- *WOODEN architecture traditions
important structures are made of timber (palaces, temples)* brick / stone for tombs, fortresses
- Architectural continuity, appreciate traditions
- *Walls are modular
- Flexible system
- Made of wood supports*
- Roof is focus
roof develops overhang protect from hot sun heavy rains

**Pagodas: Buddhist temples in China**

Derived from stupa
Pagoda tower part of temple
complex
Guided pilgrims to site
Shape varied according to region, period, and materials available
FOGONG Pagoda
1056
Wood structure
Upturned eaves

Great Wall

- Barrier against enemies
- 210 BCE began, built over
centuries
- 10.000 miles long
- 15-30° high
- 15-25' wide
- Frequent watchtowers

Temple of Heaven - Beijing

- Worship hall took place of tall pagoda in temple compound
- Beijing
- Vast religious complex
(700 acres)
symbolizes the relationship between earth and heaven

Forbidden City

- Emperors live, conduct
"business" in city-like group of buildings behind walls
- Temples
- Reception halls
- Service buildings
- Residences
- Gardens

Forbidden City: best preserved palace

- Beijing
- 600 years old
- "forbidden" to all but staff and royal family
- Most important bldg. at north end (feng shui)

Japanese Architecture

Traditions in *Wood and Timber
- Paper screens as walls, tile roofs, straw mats, plaster finish*
COMBINATION
- Indigenous (or vernacular architecture)
- Imported Styles
Simpler lines than Chinese arch.
- Asymmetry, informal groupings
- *Harmony with nature*
- Four distinct seasons
- Constant threat of destructive natural forces: earthquakes, tsunami, typhoons, active volcanoes
- *Timber* - unadorned / structure is expressed
- Japanese Cypress - typically used for structure
- Secondary Woods - Cedar, Cherry, Red and Black Pine
- Traditional roofs made of straw.
- Paper made from mulberry bark.

*Shinto Shrines*

- Pre-Buddhist, Pre-Chinese influence
- *Shinto is Japan's native formal religion*
- Meant to be temporary structures, Gods visit periodically

torii

large freestanding timber gateway

tea houses

- Tea ceremony for upper classes
- Preparing and drinking green tea according strict rules
- Done in special tea houses
- No decorations, furnishing, no distractions.

tatami

- modular flooring mats
- 3' x 6'

Islam and Architecture

mosques designed for communal prayer

Muslim art

No figurative (representative people) art on walls art based on flowers, geometric shapes, Arabic script.

dome of the rock

- Jerusalem
- influenced by Byzantine architecture
- shrine for pilgrims
- center is a sacred rock where Muhammad ascended to Heaven
- octagonal form

Great Mosque of Samarra

- largest mosque ever built
- Samarra Iraq
- cone shaped minaret
- spiral minaret encircled by ramp
- horses could ride up

Moorish Architecture

- Muslims (Moors) came to Spain 8th century
- looked to ancient Roman architecture

Mosque of Cordoba

1st Islamic structure in Europe

Indian Architecture

various cultural influences: Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims, British

Indian Architecture (cont)

- foreign cultures and different religions have been absorbed and transformed by asian Indian architects
- Buddhists: earliest structures stone
- Hindus: ornate style carved in stone pyramid style
- Muslims: islamic traditions with ornate palaces, mosques, and tombs
- Europeans: British victorian revival

Taj Mahal

- National emblem of India
- 1632-53